John Rawls and Political Liberalism Essay -- Essays on Politics

John Rawls and Political Liberalism Depict in detail the job that the thoughts of â€Å"overlapping consensus† and â€Å"comprehensive doctrine† play in Rawl’s hypothetical response to the principal question of Political Liberalism: â€Å"How is it workable for there to exist after some time an equitable and stable society of free and equivalent residents, who remain significantly separated by sensible strict, philosophical, and moral doctrines?† (Rawls 4). All the more explicitly, how do these ideas help to protect the customary liberal estimations of opportunity and balance? Also, do these ideas help to safeguard solidness inside a pluralistic culture? John Rawls book, Political Liberalism, addresses the requirement for the reorganization of the unjustifiable vote based protected system. As per Rawls, â€Å"there is at present no concurrence on the manner in which the fundamental foundations of sacred majority rule government ought to be organized on the off chance that they are to fulfill the reasonable terms of collaboration between residents viewed as free and equal,† (Rawls 4). In reality, people all follow their own political qualities or â€Å"comprehensive doctrines† that are not in balance with different qualities. These standards, not being perfect, mess up a frail popularity based society. In this way, Rawls plans to make a model for contradictions that could emerge inside radicalism, in which they could have more grounded feeling of shared view, or more grounded covering accord, which individuals can make reference. In this manner, Rawls requires the utilization of certain hypothetical scholarly instruments . The primary request scholarly instrument to manage this change is the standards of equity. Solid standards of judges will prompt a huge â€Å"overlapping consensus† and better political qualities, in this manner coming about ... ...since that which exists in the first position is reasonable. Also, there is an effective change, in that a guideline of equity (which is an apparatus of achieving change in an uncalled for vote based protected system) endure the trial of the first position. Along these lines, the thoughts of â€Å"overlapping consensus† and â€Å"comprehensive doctrines† do in reality assume a noteworthy job in his hypothetical inquiry: â€Å"How is it workable for there to exist after some time an equitable and stable society of free and equivalent residents, who remain significantly partitioned by sensible strict, philosophical, and moral doctrines?† (Rawls 4). Additionally, these ideas help to protect the customary liberal estimations of opportunity and fairness help to safeguard solidness inside a pluralistic culture. Works Cited Rawls, John. Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996.

Fiber Optic Cables Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fiber Optic Cables - Research Paper Example This technique utilizes gadgets, for example, visual flaw found or fiber optic tracer to break down broken associations inside the fiber links. The procedure includes a beam of light that is radiated from one finish of the fiber link from one of these referenced gadgets. In the event that the light sign is noticeable at the opposite finish of the fiber, it infers that the specific fiber isn't broken (Fiber Optics - Testing ). Nonetheless, if the link neglects to show the beam of light from the opposite end, it presumes that the specific link is broken or harmed from some place. The addition misfortune technique incorporates a laser that can reflect blames in a fiber link. The laser is red in shading and shows harmed territory of the links. Also, the strategy consolidates with the Optical Time Domain reflectometer that is utilized to gauge lengths of fiber links, to distinguish association misfortunes, recognize fiber abandons, and in particular join misfortunes from the fiber. The us efulness of OTDR includes a transmission of light from one finish of the fiber link. The light goes along the way and distinguish any potential irregularities. In the event that the light experiences an impasse, a deformity, or a cut in fiber link, it reflects back estimating the separation of that specific issue. The OTDR delineate charts and follows on the screen consolidated on the gadget. The association misfortunes are determined from the measure of light that is reflected from that specific territory of the fiber link (Fiber Optic Cable Testing ). Also, the gadgets controlled by OTDR have given high accuracy.... The usefulness of OTDR includes a transmission of light from one finish of the fiber link. The light goes along the way and recognize any potential oddities. On the off chance that the light experiences an impasse, an imperfection, or a cut in fiber link, it reflects back estimating the separation of that specific deficiency. The OTDR outline charts and follows on the screen fused on the gadget. The association misfortunes are determined from the measure of light that is reflected from that specific territory of the fiber link (Fiber Optic Cable Testing ). Besides, the gadgets controlled by OTDR have given high precision estimations regarding fiber optic qualities. The gadgets are versatile and can be utilized viably in the field. Subsequently, the introduced fiber optics are resolved proficiently as per framework details. OTDR likewise gives benefits as far as strong information move and remedying flaws in a convenient way (DeMeis 161). Besides, the most broadly utilized strategy fo r estimating misfortunes is the Optical Continuous-Wave Reflectometry (OCRW). The usefulness of this strategy includes a transmission of a consistent frequency by means of an interface, connector or a gadget that should be tried with the goal that the misfortunes can be determined in an orderly fashion. The light source that is radiated in this technique is adjusted alongside the usage of locator improved optical force meter, the arrival misfortune estimations can be accomplished with pinpoint exactness (Brown 48). Testing Devices The current applications controlled by web 2.0 are rich video, voice, streak, Ajax and so forth so as to give high transfer speed limit Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing systems are urgent. System word reference gives a most complete meaning of this new innovation as â€Å"Dense

Hiroshima and Nagasaki Day Free Essays

Hiroshima Peace Day falls on August 6 and Nagasaki Peace Day on August 9. The two days to help the world to remember the demolition that a war can wreck. As indicated by gauges the bombs murdered countless individuals †with most of the causalities having kicked the bucket from blaze or fire consumes. We will compose a custom article test on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Day or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now What was the deal? In 1945, the United States of America dropped two nuclear bombs on the urban areas of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. On August 6, the atomic weapon â€Å"Little Boy† was dropped on Hiroshima since it was a city of significant military significance and contained Japan’s Second Army Headquarters. It likewise was the interchanges place and capacity station. On August 9, at 11:02 a. m. , at a height of 1,650 feet, Fat Man (right) detonated over Nagasaki. The yield of the blast was later evaluated at 21 kilotons, 40 percent more prominent than that of the Hiroshima bomb. Inside the initial two to four months of the bombings, the intense impacts killed 90,000 †166,000 individuals in Hiroshima and 60,000 †80,000 in Nagasaki, with generally 50% of the passings in every city happening on the main day. Six days after the explosion over Nagasaki, on August 15, Japan declared its acquiescence to the Allied Powers, marking the Instrument of Surrender on September 2, formally finishing the Pacific War and along these lines World War II. Germany had marked its Instrument of Surrender on May 7, finishing the war in Europe. The bombings drove, to a limited extent, to post-war Japan embracing Three Non-Nuclear Principles, disallowing the country from atomic weapon. The most effective method to refer to Hiroshima and Nagasaki Day, Essay models

International Monetary Fund Essays (2249 words) -

Worldwide Monetary Fund The International Monetary Fund is a significant capacity that makes world exchange less difficult. The International Monetary Fund, or IMF as it is called, offers help and oversight to countries in all phases of monetary advancement. Worldwide exchange is a key component to empower countries, enormous and little, to reinforce their monetary positions. Bigger countries need the worldwide market to send out their merchandise and enterprises, and littler countries additionally need this world scale market to import items so they can deliver more proficiently. So as to accomplish these objectives, one significant segment must be in place. The capacity to esteem other country's money. Consistently, numerous various ways have been utilized to do this, for the most part finishing off with disappointment. There is no ideal approach to precisely quantify the genuine estimation of another nation's cash. The International Monetary Fund is a push to see every nation's financial position, offer proposals, and give the basic monetary security that is basic to a flourishing (world) economy. A large number of the residential monetary objectives are emphasized by the INF on a worldwide level. To comprehend the current INF we will examine the occasions paving the way to its reality. Among 1879 and 1934 significant countries utilized a strategy for global trade known as the Gold Standard. The Gold Standard was essentially a fixed-rate framework. The rate was fixed to gold. All together for this framework to work appropriately three things needed to occur. To begin with, every country needed to characterize its cash to gold (this definition at that point couldn't change). Second, every country must than keep up a fixed relationship to its flexibly of cash and its measure of genuine gold. Third, the available gold must be permitted to be traded unreservedly between any countries all through the world. With those approaches effectively set up, the trade paces of the taking an interest nations would then be fixed to gold, in this manner to one another. To effectively keep up this relationship a few changes must be produced using time to time. For instance, two nations An and B are doing worldwide business together and A purchases a greater amount of B's items than B purchases of A's. Presently B needs more of A's cash to pay for the abundance items bought. B currently has what's known as an equalization of installment shortfall. In request to address for this shortage the accompanying must happen; Actual gold should now be moved to A from B. This exchange completes two things. To begin with, it lessens B's cash flexibly (a fixed proportion must be keep up between the genuine measure of gold, furthermore, the flexibly of cash) thus bringing down B's spending, total salary, and total work, at last diminishing the interest for An's items. Second, A's cash flexibly is presently expanded, raising A's spending, total pay, and total work, at last raising the interest for B's items. These two occasions happen all the while balancing out the swapping scale back to its harmony. The Gold Standard served the world's economy very well until one awful occasion occurred. The Great (around the world) Depression of the 1930's given the world another arrangement of issues to be managed, not just locally, yet all through the whole world. The circumstance was terrible, so awful that countries would successfully uncover themselves from underneath financial debacle. Countries presently would defy the greatest norm of the Gold Standard. Countries began to rethink the estimation of there money to gold. This demonstration of downgrading, as it was called, disturbed the whole world's impression of the relationship of each nation's monetary forms to there own. Dealing frameworks were attempted, notwithstanding, inevitably the Gold Standard fizzled. After The Depression universal exchanging was disabled. Another technique for global money trade must be created. Numerous thoughts were tuned in to, yet not until 1944 would another completely acknowledged strategy be embraced. During this year in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire a altered customizable peg framework was shaped, notwithstanding this new creative framework, the International Monetary Fund was shaped. For a long time the Bretton Woods flexible peg framework functioned admirably. This framework turned out to be to an ever increasing extent ward of the United States money's worth. Since from the initiation of the IMF in 1946 the United States government would trade money so one ounce of gold rose to 35 US dollars. As an ever increasing number of individuals found that 1 ounce of gold for 35 dollars was deal, the flexibly of gold and US dollars became rare (numerous individuals were exchanging their US dollars for gold). In the long run the general enumeration of the world didn't esteem 1 ounce of gold to 35 US

Effects of Makeup and Self Image Essays - Scientific Method

Impacts of Makeup and Self Image Essays - Scientific Method Stephanie Sedhom Impacts of Makeup and Self Image 1. Name 4 non-logical methods of thinking about the world. There are four nonscientic methods of thinking about the world. First is good judgment, which implies the data is plainly obvious. Second is industriousness, which means the quality or truth of proceeding to exist; constancy. The steadiness of specific fantasies inside the chronicled record. Third is authority, set up conviction dependent on noticeable quality or significance of source. Finally instinct, something that just makes sense utilization of objective procedures with advantage of understanding. 2. Name seven normal blunders of human request. The seven normal blunders in human request are incorrect perception, overgeneralization, specific perception, made-up data, strange thinking, inner self inclusion in understanding, untimely conclusion of request. 3. Characterize autonomous variable and state Independent variable in your examination. An autonomous variable is a variable that remains solitary isn't change by different examples you're attempting to gauge. A free factor in my examination is sexual orientation. 4. Characterize subordinate variable and security subordinate variable in your examination. A needy variable is something that relies upon different components. In an investigation you are searching for a connection between two things you are attempting to discover what rolls out ward variable improvement. In my investigation a case of a needy variable would be the measure of web based life my subject has been impacted by. 5. Recognize quantitative and subjective research and state which look into strategy you are using. Subjective research is to give a total itemized portrayal of the examination point. It is generally progressively exploratory in nature. Quantitative research concentrates more in directing and characterizing highlights and developing measurable models and figures to clarify what is watched. My exploration will include subjective information since it will incorporate meetings pictures and recordings.

Introducing the Class of 2013 Terence 13

Introducing the Class of 2013 Terence 13 Today, we continue the series Introducing the Class of 2013: Terence 13 (today) Christy 13 Augusta Student From Local Housing Project Heads To M.I.T By Fraendy Clervaud WJBF News Channel 6 Reporter June 4, 2009 Its very parents dream for their child to graduate high school and to get accepted into a great college. Sometimes this dream can seem out of reach because of where family lives, but is that always true? Count on WJBF News Channel 6s Fraendy Clervaud. He has the story. Augusta, GAIts packing day for 17-year-old Terence Dalbert. The summer is here, but hes not going on vacation. Instead, hes getting ready for summer classes at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Terence Dalbert, M.I.T.-bound: Its going to be hard leaving my family. Im going to a whole other area. Graduating with a 4.0 GPA, and getting an 1850 SAT score, Terence was this years valedictorian at Lucy C. Laney High School. He plans to major in electrical and computer engineering at MIT. Terence Dalbert: I always loved math, its always been my favorite subject. Science is my second favorite. Putting those two together, its basically what engineering is. But, hes quick to tell you it was not always easy. Thats because Terence and his family live in Underwood Homes. Its an Augusta housing project plagued by crime. Fraendy Clervaud, reporting: According to the Richmond County Sheriffs Office reports, theyve received 416 violent crime cases for Underwood Homes within the past two years. The Augusta Housing Authority tells us about 450 people live here. So if you do t he math thats about one crime per person. Terence Dalbert: People have broken into our house a few times and have stolen some things. So, thats the personal experience, and Ive heard gun shots. You know, theres alot of adversity to deal with, but Ive pushed through it. Im not going to let anything stop me. Terences father says, despite living in the projects, he did all that he could to make sure his children did not end up on the wrong path. Ian Dalbert, Terences father: Just because you live in Underwood Homes doesnt mean you have to be a certain way, I have to be a fighter, sell drugs, I have to use drugs, show them that you can be smart. Lynnor Dalbert, Terences mother: Im going to miss him. Its going to be real hard, but at the same time, Im real proud of him.

To what extent does Erving Goffmans theories of social performance apply to modern digital forms of social interaction - Free Essay Example

Introduction The sociologist Erving Goffman (1922-1982) focused on the social world at the micro level to analyse the social and symbolic interactions between individuals. Goffman (1959) analysed the ways in which individuals presented themselves to others. Goffman (1959: 74) found that individuals do not present their real, true selves; instead they present an idealised version of how they would like to be perceived by others using cultural scripts (Hogan, 2010: 378). An example of this is when a waiter dons a Tuxedo and straightens his posture to wait on customers in a restaurant (Goffman, 1959: 122). He is tentative, patient and enabling, and his manners are impeccable even when the customer asks [Do] you call yourself a waiter, you young bastard? You a waiter! Youre not fit to scrub floors in the brothel your mother came from. Maquereau! (Goffman, 1959: 122). This symbolic interaction ensures that the waiter remains composed and apologetic, but when his shift ends, he changes into casual wear, his body visibly relaxes and he unwinds backstage in the staff room by collectively mocking the customers with his team, who collectively share these sentiments (Goffman, 1959: 97). These appear to be two different individuals because individuals adopt impression management to present the self in ways that obscure the authentic self, or in simple terms, they put on a front (Goffman, 1959: 116; Hogan, 2010: 378). This paper evaluates whether Goffmans fifty year-old dramaturgical theory is relevant to the social performance portrayed in modern digital forms of social interaction in the context of the social media networking sites in contemporary society. Dramaturgy Goffman conducted his research using a technique that he conceptualised as a dramaturgical approach; the key to his theory is drama (1959: 113). Goffman (1959) used the analogy of an actor interacting or rather performing on a theatrical stage in front of an audience. Within this dramaturgical situation, every scene is a new role on another stage (Goffman, 1959:113). While the interaction using a preferred identity is performed to an audience on the front stage, backstage is where perfecting the performance takes place and where the actor can revert back to his authentic self again (Goffman, 1959). Thus, the process of symbolic interaction is an individual who puts on a front to an audience (Hogan, 2010: 378). Symbolic interaction is predicated on locating the meanings from which shared or collective meanings are created within the performance (Hamilton, 2004). The interaction occurs in the presence of an audience [the customer] which either credits or discredits the actors [the wa iter] based upon the performance (Goffman, 1959). Social Media Facebook provides a platform upon which numerous roles and dramaturgy are performed uniquely by millions of interpersonal interactions on the front stage before an audience every day. The proliferation of handheld digital devices on the market has led to a huge increase in the number of people using digital social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter and MySpace (Hogan, 2010; Almjeld, 2009). Social media and digital devices are personal and portable, which maintains a constant networked connection with the individuals social networks (Burchell, 2012: 3). This has radically altered the ways in individuals interact with others (Hogan, 2010). Social media websites such as Facebook provide a stage in which they interact with old school friends, long lost best friends, family, extended family, friends of family and colleagues (Hogan, 2010). Although the authentic self of the actor may be known to these associates, impression management is nevertheless practised; in Facebook terms this can involve vast numbers of audience as this networking forum now has over a billion subscribers (Frissen et al., 2015: 23). The popularity of an individual is defined based on the number of friends they have in their friends list (Hogan, 2010). Facebook is described by Timmermans as a site for individual entertainment, and as a tool for maintaining and building communities (Timmermans 2010: 189). However, Hogan argues that it is a place for symbolic interaction on a hitherto unknown scale (Hogan, 2010). By contrast to the one-way processes of television, social media enables the two-way interaction whereby commentary and feedback make these platforms simultaneously exciting and frightening (Meden, 2009: 59). Gender Evidence of Goffmans performance is present in the research findings by Almjeld (2009) on female users of MySpace. The research highlights how social networking was overall empowering to women, who demonstrated impression management which sold their online identities and interactions through numerous construction of multiple identities by the re-writing of the self (Bolter, 2001 197; Almjeld, 2009: 155). It also enables women to practice and perform new femininities in relative security (Meden, 2009: 61). Medens research on women found that they conveyed an enhanced image of themselves through renaming themselves on Facebook as jocks, scholars, tech enthusiasts, flirts and friends (Meden, 2009: 61). In doing so, they rejected their bland identities and traditional roles as wives and mothers on blogs and social networking sites (Meden, 2009: 61). This illustrates the emancipatory potential of social media (Cheung, 2000: 55). The practice and performance of disguising the authentic s elf illustrates the relevance of the front stage and the backstage in relation to impression management (Miller, 1995). In the physical world, women have traditionally undertaken making scrapbooks, photo albums and note passing to equip themselves with the building blocks needed to forge social identities and form new social relationships (Almjeld, 2009: 154). However, in the virtual world, women practise impression management as bloggers and [by] instant messaging and in chat rooms (Almjeld, 2009: 154). Miller and Arnold (2001) argue that online interaction is no more or less problematic than face-to-face interaction because it is real life in both contexts (in Kelly, et al., 2006: 92). However, there are different issues attached to each. Expressions It is claimed that the online approach does not mediate the expressions or body language to its audience; actors only give what they type in their message to enhance their persona, whereas in contrast, face-to-face interactions give away far more information to the audience than online interactions (Bullingham and Vasconcelos, 2013; Goffman, 1959). This is because the actor is physically before the audience in the face-to-face context whereby the observers can read the expressions that they give as well as those that they give off or leak (Miller and Arnold, 2001: 74). In the latter, actors inadvertently give off information that was not intended for their audience (Miller and Arnold, 2012: 1). Specific fronts are displayed in accordance with the level of the sustained observation of the audience (Hogan, 2010). In cases where the enhanced identity nurtured by the interaction is knowingly contradicted on the front stage, the audience can identify this error which results in the acto rs performance being discredited (Bullingham and Vasconcelos, 2012). Backstage is where the work is done to avoid these issues (Bullingham and Vasconcelos, 2012). Performance Goffman identifies three overlapping groups of potential errors that could impinge on the performance of a genuine actor when the impression is mismanaged, resulting in the performance being discredited by the audience (Goffman, 1959). The first group may trip, stumble or fall [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] belch, yawn, or go blank (Goffman, 1959: 60). For example, Ed Miliband stumbled off the stage after performing to a live audience to vote him in as Prime Minister (Bennett, 2015: [Online]). Journalists focused on the stumble and not his interaction thereby discrediting his performance (Goffman, 1959). The outcome may have differed significantly if he had pre-recorded his interaction via YouTube. However, David Cameron gave off numerous expressions as he perspired and recoiled in his incoherent and inarticulate responses to questions on Gay Rights (YouTube, 2010: [Online]; Goffman, 1959: 73). Goffman argues that the second group experience nervousness, lack confidence or are too self-aware , which thereby discrediting the performance (Goffman, 1959:60). This is linked to the both the second and the third group which are the backstage team who in this case left Cameron wholly under-prepared, resulting in a discredited performance (Goffman, 1959). Backstage preparation helps to counter such issues as participants collectively enable the smooth running of the performance at the front stage to avoid the redeeming gaffes (Miller, 1995: 1). For example, Goffman questions whether performers are being truthful or whether their points are valid or spurious (Goffman, 1959: 66). However, sometimes previous performances in the past can come back to haunt the present. One example is the case of Paris Brown who secured the authoritative post as Britains first Youth Police and Crime Commissioner (The Guardian, 2013: [Online]). However, in a number of interactions on Twitter prior to getting the job, she displayed homophobic, racist and violent tweets which resulted in a call for her resignation (The Guardian, 2013: [Online]). Goffman argues that audiences cannot wait to put a chink in the armour of performers who fail in order to discredit their pretensions (1959: 66). These claims may well have been Browns way of presenting herself as something more lively and streetwise than she really was, but only to her peer group as she experimented with her identity (Livingstone, 1998). Paris Brown also described herself on Twitter as: either really fun, friendly and inclusive when im drunk or im an anti- social, racist, sexist, embarrassing a****** often its the latter (cited in Myers, 2013: [Online]). Paris Brown provides two sides to her identity: a nice fun girl who cares about others and one who is unpleasant and intolerant of diversity (The Guardian, 2013: [Online]). While this may have been a case of bravado, this impression [mis-]management illustrates how performing to a global audience can be discredited repeatedly, and at a much later date such redee ming gaffes may be problematic for the teenager (Goffman, 1959: 66; Miller, 1995: 1). Teenagers According to Livingstone, teenagers tend to experiment and play around with their online identities (1998: 407). They recognise opportunities and risks and self-actualisation is more likely to be realised where teenagers negotiate a cost benefit analysis between the risk factors such as abuse, privacy or being misinterpreted and the opportunities in terms of identity, relationships and social capital (Livingstone, 1998: 407). Evidence is provided in the respondents in Asplings qualitative research study. However, Lars wants people to think he has a life away from Facebook when he asserts: I dont want to be seen as someone that lives with Facebook. But no, I dont do that, I dont want to be seen as a freakà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦'(cited in Aspling, 2011: 22) This is despite the fact that Lars confessed to updating his status several times a day thereby contradicting his enhanced identity which would result in his performance being discredited by his audience who would potentially see hi m as a freak (Bullingham and Vasconcelos, 2012: 102). In contrast, another Facebook user asserts that: Maybe they gain a somewhat positive image of myself, you only upload images that are good, everything good you have done, perhaps it is a more positive image of myself than in reality, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ you only upload things that are good (Cited in Aspling, 2011: 22) This highlights the dramaturgical nature of impression management in full force as this respondent wants to convey a perfect identity and life. This is wholly unrealistic and would no doubt be discredited by some of his audience. The same applies to profile pictures which attract the most comments on Facebook. Impression management involves enhancing profile pictures or dressing provocatively to convey a more desirable, sexier identity in the search for a new partner (Goffman, 1959). As one Facebook user asserts: I think that people are more intimate on Facebook than they should, pictures of them in lingerie, p arty-pictures etc. that anyone can see (Cited in Aspling, 2011: 22) This disapproval of intimacy shows that audiences are more likely to discredit performances that convey a sexy identity by dressing up. As Goffman argues, [Even] if each woman dresses in conformity with her status, a game is still being played [which] plays to the imaginary as in a picture or sculpture (1959: 221). In other words, being so fixed or perfect is unreal in this overt form of impression management (Goffman, 1959: 221). Conclusion In conclusion, it is evident following a critical analysis of the debates above that Goffmans dramaturgy is perhaps even more relevant in contemporary society than at the time of Goffmans writing. Social media provides actors the platform for actors to convey enhanced identities through impression management using cultural scripts. Evidence of impression management is abundant in the rejection of their authentic identity which, in a face-to-face setting, is more problematic. For example, the impression management of two politicians aspiring to be Prime Minister were discredited on both live television and pre-recorded social media because they gave away elements of their true identity despite claims that expressions are only given off in face-to-face interaction. Facebook users only give intended information which are credited whereas constantly updating statuses gives off negative expressions that are discredited. Nevertheless, the actors enhanced personalities are constructed and rehearsed backstage which through social media is anywhere that is not online; the dramaturgy is performed at the front by a keystroke. Word Count: 2,194 Bibliography Almjeld, J.M. (2009) The Girls of MySpace: New Media as Gendered Literacy Practice and Identity Construction. Doctoral Dissertation, Bowling Green State University, English/Rhetoric and Writing Aspling, F. (2011) The private and the public in online presentations of the self, Stockholm: Stockholm University Bennett, A. (2015) Thought Ed Milibands stumble was bad? These politicians had much worse falls The Telegraph [Online] Available: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/general-election-2015/politics-blog/11576072/Thought-Ed-Milibands-stumble-was-bad-These-politicians-had-much-worse-falls.html (Accessed 22nd August 2015) Bolter, J. D. (2001). Writing space: Computers, Hypertext, and the Remediation of Print. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Burchell, K.D. (2012) Negotiating Connection without Convention: The Management of Presence, Time, and Networked Technology in Everyday Life, London: Goldsmiths, University of London Bullingham, D. Vasconcelos (2013) The P resentation of Self in the Online World: Goffman and the Study of Online Identities, Journal of Information Science, 39(1): 101-112 Cheung, C. (2000) A Home on the Web: Presentations of Self on Personal Homepages in Gauntlett, D. (Ed.). Web studies: Rewiring Media Studies for the Media Age (pp.43à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"51) London: Arnold Frissen, V., Lammes, S., Michiel De Lange, M. De Mul, J. Raessens, J. (2015) Playful Identities: The Ludification of Digital Media Cultures, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University PressGoffman, E. (1959) The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. London: Penguin Goffman, E. (1984) Stigma: notes on the management of spoiled Identity. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Guardian (2013) Paris Brown: no further action to be taken over Twitter comments, Guardian [Online] Available: https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/apr/21/paris-brown-no-action-twitter-comments (Accessed 22nd August 2015) Hamilton, P. (2004) The street and everyday life in Bennett, T. Wats on, D. (Eds.) Understanding Everyday Life (pp. 91-138) London: Routledge Hogan B. (2010) The Presentation of Self in the Age of Social Media: Distinguishing Performances and Exhibitions Online, Bulletin of Science Technology Society 2010 30(3): 377 Kelly, D. M., Pomerantz, S., Currie, D. H. (2006). No Boundaries? Girls Interactive, Online Learning About Femininities Youth Society, 38(1): 3-28 6 Livingstone, S. (1998): Relationships between media and audiences in Liebes, T. Curren, N. (Eds.) Media, ritual and identity (pp. 237-255) London, New York: Routledge Meden, A. (2009) Identity Formation in Social Networks Websites: Facebook and the Interaction Between Young Individuals in the Cases of Slovenia And Catalonia, Barcelona: Universitat Pompeu Fabra Miller, H. (1995) The Presentation of Self in Electronic Life: Goffman on the Internet [Paper presented at Embodied Knowledge and Virtual Space Conference Goldsmiths College, University of London, June 1995] Nottingha m: Nottingham Trent University Miller, H., Arnold, J. (2001) Self in Web Home Pages: Gender, Identity and Power in Cyberspace in Riva, G., Galimberti, C. (Ed.) (2001-2003) Towards CyberPsychology: Mind, Cognitions and Society in the Internet Age, (pp. 74-94), Amsterdam: IOS Press Myers, R. (2013) Is this foul-mouthed, self-obsessed Twitter teen really the future of British policing? Youth crime tsars sex and drug rants, Daily Mail [Online] Available: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2305118/Paris-Brown-Is-foul-mouthed-self-obsessed-Twitter-teen-really-future-British-policing.html#ixzz3jYK3tXBO (Accessed 22nd August 2015) Timmermans, J. (2010) Playing with paradoxes: Identity in the web era. PhD dissertation. Rotterdam: Erasmus University YouTube (2010) David Cameron disastrous gay rights interview YouTube [Online] Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7bRT5D4msOI (Accessed 22nd August 2015)

Learn How to Conjugate Valoir (to Value) in French

Valoir  means to be worth in French. This verb is easier to remember if you associate it with the English word value, which is how we often refer to how much something is worth.   When you want to use  valoir  in the past tense was worth or the future tense will be worth, youll need to know its conjugations. A quick lesson will help you learn the simplest and most useful forms of  valoir  that you will need for conversations. The Basic Conjugations of  Valoir French verb conjugations are required for correct grammar. They allow us to transform the verb into various tenses to indicate when the act took place. The trick with French, though, is that you have to learn a new form for each subject pronoun within each tense. This does give you more words to memorize, but it does get easier with time and with each new verb you add to your vocabulary. Valoir  is an  irregular verb, so you cannot rely on any common conjugation patterns that you may already know. Instead, you will need to commit each of these to memory. Well begin with the indicative verb mood, which includes the most basic ways to say  valoir  in the present, future, and imperfect past tenses. Notice how the verb stem changes dramatically, sometimes including the  val-  stem and sometimes changing it to  vau-. This is why  valoir  is one of the more challenging verbs to study. Using the chart, pair the subject pronoun with the proper tense for your subject. For instance, I am worth is  je vaux  and we were worth is  nous valions. Present Future Imperfect je vaux vaudrai valais tu vaux vaudras valais il vaut vaudra valait nous valons vaudrons valions vous valez vaudrez valiez ils valent vaudront valaient The Present Participle of  Valoir Possibly the easiest conjugation for  valoir  is the  present participle. This one does follow a common rule, adding -ant  to the verb stem to create  valant. Valoir  in the Compound Past Tense The compound past tense is known in French as the  passà © composà ©Ã‚  and it is common as well. To form it, you will need to conjugate the  auxiliary verb avoir  to the subject in the present tense, then add the  past participle  valu. For example, I was worth is  jai valu  and we were worth is  nous avons valu. More Simple Conjugations of  Valoir Its a good idea to finish your study of  valoir  with a few more simple conjugations. They each have their use in special circumstances and as you become more fluent, they may become useful.   The subjunctive, for instance, calls the act into question in some way. The conditional, on the other hand, says its dependent on something else. In formal writing, you may encounter the literary tenses of the  the passà © simple  or  the imperfect subjunctive. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je vaille vaudrais valus valusse tu vailles vaudrais valus valusses il vaille vaudrait valut valt nous valions vaudrions valmes valussions vous valiez vaudriez valtes valussiez ils vaillent vaudraient valurent valussent You may not need to use  valoir  in  the imperative form  because its typically used for exclamations and it doesnt make much sense to say Worth! Yet, if you ever do find yourself in need of it, know that you can skip the subject pronoun. Imperative (tu) vaux (nous) valons (vous) valez

Building A Sustainable Plan For A Business Model - 870 Words

Built to make profit, businesses/firms believed making money was their sole purpose—and their business model made everything subservient to money and corporate greed. Only now, have we begun to see and understand how irresponsible we have become and those business models may make money but they are killing the environment. Here we will look at four businesses and their different models that center around sustainability, caring about mother earth, and still able to make money. The framework we will evaluate these organizations is through the triple bottom line method, process improvement, economic development, and giving back (altruism), as well as, build a sustainable plan for a company that had not implemented one in the past and is failing to accept any environmental responsibility. Beginning with the triple bottom line approach, we see this phenomenon discards the notion of top-line revenue/bottom-line profit and loss, we see companies are responsible for three bottom li nes: people, planet and profit. Triple bottom line companies are responsibly sustainable; they benefit the communities, facilitate the development of better products and services, and contribute to society. The question now becomes why not every company is adjusting their business model to the triple bottom line. Companies like Patagonia are onboard with this idea and they have been very profitable and highly regarded on Wall Street. Companies like BASF and DuPont developed well defined thatShow MoreRelatedCrafting and Executing Startegy (Chapter 1)1405 Words   |  6 Pagesconduct of its business, and strengthen its prospects for long-term success. 2. Develop an awareness of the four most dependable strategic approaches for setting a company apart from rivals and winning a sustainable competitive advantage. 3. Understand that a company’s strategy tends to evolve over time because of changing circumstances and ongoing management efforts to improve the company’s strategy. 4. Learn why it is important for a company to have a viable business model that outlinesRead MoreUnilever : A Competitive And Volatile Environment840 Words   |  4 Pagesprofitability. Legal requirements, technical changes, and change in the habits of the customers have created problems for businesses. Companies, including us, have to be updated, and continuous RD is the key solution to many of our problems. An attractive business is one with higher margins and low competitions. Therefore, if the environment where we operate is with higher level of competition and low level of profit margins, our best strategy is to keep customers satisfied and loyal, continuous RD, costRead MoreCrafting and Executing Startegy (Chapter 1)1398 Words   |  6 Pagesthe conduct of its business, and strengthen its prospects for long-term success. 2. Develop an awareness of the four most dependable strategic approaches for setting a company apart from rivals and winning a sustainable competitive advantage. 3. Understand that a company’s strategy tends to evolve over time because of changing circumstances and ongoing management efforts to improve the company’s strategy. 4. Learn why it is important for a company to have a viable business model that outlines theRead MoreRole And Importance Of An Sm921 Words   |  4 Pagesunstability and it will fall within the relm of the sustainability manager to ensure risk is reduced and all the business goals are met in a timely and efficient manner. This role will provide guidelines to becoming more economically and environmentally responsible http://www.environmentalleader.com/2011/04/13/the-case-for-the-role-of-energy-and-sustainability-manager/#ixzz3JozBCw6R Sustainable Management Home Depot Home Depot has focused on saving an estimated average of 500,000 gallons of water perRead MoreManagement For A Small Planet : Book Review1356 Words   |  6 Pagesconcepts being introduced, which can be co related to sensitive environmental issues. This can help achieve a long term economic success within the limits of the ecosystem. The Earth is Small Planet Over the years of the Industrial Revolution, business organisations have ignored the effects on the Earth which has been caused due to their strategic decisions. In this new view, the organisations will function in an economy which co evolves with the environment and people. Over the years, the EarthRead MoreSustainable Development and Businesses Essay1049 Words   |  5 Pagesattention within society, sustainable development is acknowledged by the majority to mean ‘development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ (Commission 1987). This essay will look into the practices of ANZ as a sustainable business and examine their ecological, economic and social environments. Sustainability is a concept that supports strong economic, environmental and social development within the business. Through this practiceRead MoreMgt 401 Week 21447 Words   |  6 PagesGood title page! Business Model Comparison Team A – Kristen Taylor, Velma Mobley, Aaron Ford, Courtney Uchiyama July 8, 2013 MGT/401 Tricia Rosengarten Business Model Comparison Most small businesses require some outside funding. Not many entrepreneurs have enough personal capital to open and maintain funding for a business. 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Nico and Frans’ have several options; they can choose to purchase a hallmark and sell raw beans to wholesalers, they could create their own brand and sell roasted and unroasted coffee to retailers, or they could provide raw beans to a partner coffee brand. Nico and Frans can purchase a hallmark and sell unroasted coffee beans to wholesalers. Purchasing aRead MoreProject Management Cycle Of An Engineering Firm Green Building Ltd1141 Words   |  5 Pagesengineering firm Green Building Pty. Ltd. while constructing a home using recycled shipping containers as the core framework. The report will be based on the building conditions and regulations based on the Brisbane City Council Region. â€Æ' 2 BACKGROUND Green Building, is a Brisbane based engineering firm and our ethos is formed around sustainable and affordable development. The team consists of Eric Nguyen - Project Manager and Steve Harch – Construction Manager. ‘Green building’ the namesake of our

Social Inequalities During The Industrial Revolution

â€Å"Compare the documents written by Elizabeth Bentley (Factory Work, testimony), Samuel Smiles (Thrift) as well as Karl Marx and Frederick Engels (The Communist Manifesto). To what extent do these documents address social inequalities during the industrial revolution? 768/1,500 (+785) Introduction 174/150 (-24) The advent of the Industrial Revolution in Britain created a duality of Nouveau Rich Bourgeoisie and Critically Poverty Stricken Proletariat. This was created through the move of production from the community based artisan cottage industry into the factory based mass production of consumer good. The loss of identity by the artisans has been described in greater detail by Elizabeth Bentley. While Benjamin Smiley considered the problems of the working class to be created by those who suffered. While taking a more scientific and historical context, Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, chronicled the factors that lead to the cultural conditions that where manifested during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution. In each consideration there is an overlaying preconceived social-centric view that may be seen to create errors in their function and proposed outcomes. It is in these philosophical errors that the answer to the problem can be found. To explain how this works, the essay will re flect on the History, Social Conditions and Social Climate that created both the condition and solution within Britain. Body paragraph 1 History 384/400 (+16) Through a combination ofShow MoreRelatedIndustrial Revolution : A Time Of Social And Economic Change1169 Words   |  5 PagesThe Industrial Revolution was a time of social and economic change which emphasized the power of humanity over nature. 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ThroughRead MoreSocoial Class Division During the Industrial Revolution1234 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Social Class Division during the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was a time throughout the 18th and 19th centuries in which primarily agriculture based societies in the countries of America and Europe began to implicate industrialized and urban practices. Many rituals that would usually be done at the home of landowners using animal or manpower, was now being moved into factories and being done with mechanically engineered machinery. While there were many radical social changesRead MoreModern Day Economic Conditions During The Industrial Revolution875 Words   |  4 Pagescompared to the economic conditions that the British had while they were industrializing, China most closely resembles Britain as it entered into the industrial revolution. 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Social mobility is simply â€Å"the change of social status within societyRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution : The World Into The Forward And Advanced World We Live1387 Words   |  6 PagesThe Industrial Revolution was vital in shaping the world into the forward and advanced world we live in now. The Industrial Revolution started in 18th century England, pushing England towards becoming one of the mo st industrialized nations in the world. This revolution opened up many opportunities for people in terms of work as well as the increase of product consumption, however, discrimination and oppression occurred, specifically of women. Throughout the world, especially in England, women wereRead MoreFounding Fathers of Sociology1417 Words   |  6 Pagesis the study of social behaviour. Our behaviour is patterned in certain ways and sociologists study these patterns and differences in a scientific manner. The study of modern sociology, the objective and systematic study of human behaviour and society, only began from the late 1700s onwards (Giddens, 1989, 1993, 1997, 2001). The origins of this science can be linked to the two great revolutions that occurred in Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth century Ââ€" The French Revolution of 1789 and theRead MoreUrban Migration During The Industrialization1708 Words   |  7 PagesIndustrialization was a period that brought about many cha nges. One of the changes that happened during this period was the change of working atmospheres from farms and homes to factories. Industrialization in both England and China had a massive impact on the working conditions in both countries. In England, the percentage of population living in urban areas saw an increase from 17% to 72% in during the Industrial Revolution (Watson). 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Worker’s freedom in an industrial age .for a minority of workers, the rapidly expanding industrial system created new forms of freedom. Between 1880 and 1900 an average of 35,000 workers perished

Ancient Indian and Chinese Philosophies Differences and...

Containing vast amounts of land and geographical terrains, Asia is known today to be the largest continent holding a significant part of the world’s population. Rewind to the beginning of civilization, Asia held an even more vital part in the world’s development. Along the Indus River of India and the Yellow River of China began two important civilizations from which came thriving societies as well as philosophies that still shape the world today. Looking at the writings of Bhagavad-Gita and Hsà ¼n Tzu, two writings from the ancient years of those civilizations, gives the people of today a glimpse of the lives, belief systems, and societal makeup each community held. With these writings in hand, the philosophies each society held seem†¦show more content†¦Fu Xi the inventor of writing, hunting, trapping and fishing, Shen Nung the inventor of agriculture and commerce, the Yellow Emperor who created government and Daoism, Yao who lead with modesty, respectab ility and virtue, Shun who did the same as Yao, and finally Yu who began the Xia Dynasty working for and saving his people during his reign all stand as players in this ancient â€Å"Golden Age†. In the text Hsà ¼n Tzu, Li or right ritual is completed to walk in the way or Dao toward tian or heaven. But this heaven is not like many other descriptions of heaven, it is the right order of things or how things should be. Tian is seen fully in the â€Å"Golden Age†; in the ancient days where all the good of society first began. Both focuses of the Indian and Chinese philosophies are crafted and are affected by the history in which they were developed. In ancient India after the decline of the great Harappan society, around 2000 BC, new people groups moved into North India and what was once the Harappan civilization. During this time of resettling and growth the Vedic Age began; from this Age came the belief central to the Indian philosophies. The focus, to arrive at the Brahman, developed in the Indus Valley during this time in conjunction with the caste system seen in India today. The caste system brought order and longevity to the Indus civilization. The society sought to move both individually and collectively forward; both to societal success andShow MoreRelatedReport on Importance of Communication in Tourism Industry3359 Words   |  14 Pagestravel abroad.  Tourism is the largest service - sector in India. Tourism contributes 6.23% to the national GDP Tourism generates 8.78% of the total employment in India .India is to be a Tourism hotspot from 2009 to 2011. (This data is available on Indian Tourism Website).  It has proved to be resilient in times of economic crisis and will continue to grow at a rapid pace of almost 4% a year in the 21st  century.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the WTO (World Tourism Organization) forecasts, more than 700 million peopleRead MoreIt Could Explain What Sumi E?2164 Words   |  9 Pagesthe life crea ted by means of the brush touch It strengthens life itself . In the tradition of ancient China, in fact, the harmony of an artistic product mirrors the universal harmony of the Tao (in Japanese Do), supreme and inscrutable principle that created the world and governs the secret rhythm of nature. 2) Can you tell us some of the highlights in the history of the Sumi-e? 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Craig Ventors First Cell Free Essays

Cr Craig Ventor first first self-replicating, synthetic bacterial cell ROCKVILLE, MD and San Diego, CA (May 20, 2010)— Researchers at the J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI), a not-for-profit genomic research organization, published results today describing the successful construction of the first self-replicating, synthetic bacterial cell. The team synthesized the 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Craig Ventors First Cell or any similar topic only for you Order Now 08 million base pair chromosome of a modified Mycoplasma mycoides genome. The synthetic cell is called Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1. and is the proof of principle that genomes can be designed in the computer, chemically made in the laboratory and transplanted into a recipient cell to produce a new self-replicating cell controlled only by the synthetic genome. This research will be published by Daniel Gibson et al in the May 20th edition of Science Express and will appear in an upcoming print issue of Science. â€Å"For nearly 15 years Ham Smith, Clyde Hutchison and the rest of our team have been working toward this publication today–the successful completion of our work to construct a bacterial cell that is fully controlled by a synthetic genome,† said J. Craig Venter, Ph. D. , founder and president, JCVI and senior author on the paper. â€Å"We have been consumed by this research, but we have also been equally focused on addressing the societal implications of what we believe will be one of the most powerful technologies and industrial drivers for societal good. We look forward to continued review and dialogue about the important applications of this work to ensure that it is used for the benefit of all. † According to Dr. Smith, â€Å"With this first synthetic bacterial cell and the new tools and technologies we developed to successfully complete this project, we now have the means to dissect the genetic instruction set of a bacterial cell to see and understand how it really works. † To complete this final stage in the nearly 15 year process to construct and boot up a synthetic cell, JCVI scientists began with the accurate, digitized genome of the bacterium, M. mycoides. The team designed 1,078 specific cassettes of DNA that were 1,080 base pairs long. These cassettes were designed so that the ends of each DNA cassette overlapped each of its neighbors by 80bp. The cassettes were made according to JCVI’s specifications by the DNA synthesis company, Blue Heron Biotechnology. The JCVI team employed a three stage process using their previously described yeast assembly system to build the genome using the 1,078 cassettes. The first stage involved taking 10 cassettes of DNA at a time to build 110, 10,000 bp segments. In the second stage, these 10,000 bp segments are taken 10 at a time to produce eleven, 100,000 bp segments. In the final step, all 11, 100 kb segments were assembled into the complete synthetic genome in yeast cells and grown as a yeast artificial chromosome. The complete synthetic M. mycoides genome was isolated from the yeast cell and transplanted into Mycoplasma capricolum recipient cells that have had the genes for its restriction enzyme removed. The synthetic genome DNA was transcribed into messenger RNA, which in turn was translated into new proteins. The M. capricolum genome was either destroyed by M. mycoides restriction enzymes or was lost during cell replication. After two days viable M. mycoides cells, which contained only synthetic DNA, were clearly visible on petri dishes containing bacterial growth medium. The initial synthesis of the synthetic genome did not result in any viable cells so the JCVI team developed an error correction method to test that each cassette they constructed was biologically functional. They did this by using a combination of 100 kb natural and synthetic segments of DNA to produce semi-synthetic genomes. This approach allowed for the testing of each synthetic segment in combination with 10 natural segments for their capacity to be transplanted and form new cells. Ten out of 11 synthetic fragments resulted in viable cells; therefore the team narrowed the issue down to a single 100 kb cassette. DNA sequencing revealed that a single base pair deletion in an essential gene was responsible for the unsuccessful transplants. Once this one base pair error was corrected, the first viable synthetic cell was produced. Dr. Gibson stated, â€Å"To produce a synthetic cell, our group had to learn how to sequence, synthesize, and transplant genomes. Many hurdles had to be overcome, but we are now able to combine all of these steps to produce synthetic cells in the laboratory. † He added, â€Å"We can now begin working on our ultimate objective of synthesizing a minimal cell containing only the genes necessary to sustain life in its simplest form. This will help us better understand how cells work. † This publication represents the construction of the largest synthetic molecule of a defined structure; the genome is almost double the size of the previous Mycoplasma genitalium synthesis. With this successful proof of principle, the group will now work on creating a minimal genome, which has been a goal since 1995. They will do this by whittling away at the synthetic genome and repeating transplantation experiments until no more genes can be disrupted and the genome is as small as possible. This minimal cell will be a platform for analyzing the function of every essential gene in a cell. According to Dr. Hutchison, â€Å"To me the most remarkable thing about our synthetic cell is that its genome was designed in the computer and brought to life through chemical synthesis, without using any pieces of natural DNA. This involved developing many new and useful methods along the way. We have assembled an amazing group of scientists that have made this possible. † As in the team’s 2008 publication in which they described the successful synthesis of the M. genitalium genome, they designed and inserted into the genome what they called watermarks. These are specifically designed segments of DNA that use the â€Å"alphabet† of genes and proteins that enable the researcher to spell out words and phrases. The watermarks are an essential means to prove that the genome is synthetic and not native, and to identify the laboratory of origin. Encoded in the watermarks is a new DNA code for writing words, sentences and numbers. In addition to the new code there is a web address to send emails to if you can successfully decode the new code, the names of 46 authors and other key contributors and three quotations: â€Å"TO LIVE, TO ERR, TO FALL, TO TRIUMPH, TO RECREATE LIFE OUT OF LIFE. † – JAMES JOYCE; â€Å"SEE THINGS NOT AS THEY ARE, BUT AS THEY MIGHT BE. †-A quote from the book, â€Å"American Prometheus†; â€Å"WHAT I CANNOT BUILD, I CANNOT UNDERSTAND. † – RICHARD FEYNMAN. The JCVI scientists envision that the knowledge gained by constructing this first self-replicating synthetic cell, coupled with decreasing costs for DNA synthesis, will give rise to wider use of this powerful technology. This will undoubtedly lead to the development of many important applications and products including biofuels, vaccines, pharmaceuticals, clean water and food products. The group continues to drive and support ethical discussion and review to ensure a positive outcome for society. Funding for this research came from Synthetic Genomics Inc. , a company co-founded by Drs. Venter and Smith. Background The research published today was made possible by previous breakthroughs at JCVI. In 2007 the team published results from the transplantation of the native M. mycoides genome into the M. capricolum cell which resulted in the M. capricolum cell being transformed into M. mycoides. This work established the notion that DNA is the software of life and that DNA dictates the cell phenotype. In 2008 the same team reported on the construction of the first synthetic bacterial genome by assembling DNA fragments made from the four chemicals of life—ACGT. The final assembly of DNA fragments into the whole genome was performed in yeast by making use of the yeast genetic systems. However, when the team attempted to transplant the synthetic bacterial genome out of yeast and into a recipient bacterial cell, viable transplants could not be recovered. Ethical Considerations: Since the beginning of the quest to understand and build a synthetic genome, Dr. Venter and his team have been concerned with the societal issues surrounding the work. In 1995 while the team was doing the research on the minimal genome, the work underwent significant ethical review by a panel of experts at the University of Pennsylvania (Cho et al, Science December 1999:Vol. 286. no. 5447, pp. 2087 – 2090). The bioethical group’s independent deliberations, published at the same time as the scientific minimal genome research, resulted in a unanimous decision that there were no strong ethical reasons why the work should not continue as long as the scientists involved continued to engage public discussion. Dr. Venter and the team at JCVI continue to work with bioethicists, outside policy groups, legislative members and staff, and the public to encourage discussion and understanding about the societal implications of their work and the field of synthetic genomics generally. As such, the JCVI’s policy team, along with the Center for Strategic International Studies (CSIS), and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), were funded by a grant from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation for a 20-month study that explored the risks and benefits of this emerging technology, as well as possible safeguards to prevent abuse, including bioterrorism. After several workshops and public sessions the group published a report in October 2007 outlining options for the field and its researchers. Most recently in December of 2008, JCVI received funding from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation to examine ethical and societal concerns that are associated with the developing science of synthetic genomics. The ongoing research is intended to inform the scientific community as well as educate our policymakers and journalists so that they may engage in informed discussions on the topic. About the J. Craig Venter Institute The JCVI is a not-for-profit research institute in Rockville, MD and La Jolla, CA dedicated to the advancement of the science of genomics; the understanding of its implications for society; and communication of those results to the scientific community, the public, and policymakers. Founded by J. Craig Venter, Ph. D. , the JCVI is home to approximately 400 scientists and staff with expertise in human and evolutionary biology, genetics, ioinformatics/informatics, information technology, high-throughput DNA sequencing, genomic and environmental policy research, and public education in science and science policy. The legacy organizations of the JCVI are: The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR), The Center for the Advancement of Genomics (TCAG), the Institute for Biological Energy Alternatives (IBEA), the Joint Technology Center (JTC), and the J. Craig Venter Science Foundation. The JCVI is a 501 (c) (3) organization. For additional information, plea se visit http://www. JCVI. org. Media Contact: Heather Kowalski, 301-943-8879, hkowalski(AT)jcvi. org How to cite Craig Ventors First Cell, Essay examples

Value Based Leader free essay sample

Servant Leadership Value-Based Leadership: Challenges and Opportunity A Value Based Leader is someone that align an organization’s values, mission, and processes into one standard style of management. Although a Value-Based Leader has the mission of the organization in mind when developing a strategy plan he or she will still face challenges. There are six challenges in which today’s organizations face and they are Technology, Ethics, Globalization, Knowledge, Diversity and Change. I would like to focus on two challenges faced by leaders today which are Change and Technology. The core values of a leader within an organization often establish the pattern of the employees in which he or she will lead. Robert McDonald, COO of Proctor and Gamble, believes that it is important for a good Leaders to be a leader with purpose as well as character which could assist a leaders in dealing with today’s challenges. If a leader leads with a purpose for the organization, he or she will share a desire for a positive end result or set an attainable goal in which all involved will be determined to see the purpose fulfilled with maximum outcome. With Change so often an organization has to adjust to these changes in order to adapt to whatever changes that will affect the end results. Sometimes the change for an organization could be as major as a change in the economy or as simple as a change in a style trend. In a recent CNNMoney article fashion trend setter Abercrombie Fitch had a fall out due to declining sales. It was suggested that the companies challenges were due to macroeconomic conditions. Abercrombie clients are trendy teenagers and Twitter followers which snub the company due to a fall out of a popular teen idle which resulted in a drop in sales and a desire for the popular clothing line. It’s amazing that something as simple as a twit could affect the increase or decline in sales of a major organization. In this case, a Value-Based leader would have to adjust to this change by assessing the current strategy, vision and the mission of the organization to better understand and support the changing trend of the current market. It’s not always easy to continue to do business as usual when the market has shifted but the organization has failed to adjust to these changes. This will have negative fallout for any company not willing to adjust and adapt. In the case of Abercrombie Fitch, the role of a Servant Leader in this organization could be a benefit because the Servant leader would have the potential add value to this organization to ensure the success of the stakeholder by developing a new strategy plan. The twenty first century competency that would use in this situation would be a person with Cognitive skills and ability such as oral communication and to be able to solve the problems between Abercrombie and the needs of the changing market. Another challenge faced by today’s Value-Based Leadership is Technology. Technology could be defined in various ways within an organization to include Information Technology, cell phones, barcode scanners as well as DVD recorders. Technology within an organization has greatly improved the performance, productive and communication. Although technology has improved the way we do business it has not been without its challenges. Recently, several organizations have fallen victim to cyber-attacks by pranksters, criminal syndicates or foreign governmental agencies. Companies spend billions of dollars in security software in an attempt to secure their company’s information and the information of its customers. The growth or decline of an organization could increase or decrease if a company is exposed due to the lack of proper security policies. A Value-Based Leader would have to devise a stagey to review the company’s policies and procedures in order to prevent such things from happening. Although, security breaches are a growing trend within business it’s how the leadership of an organization handle these matters could define the direction in which the organization could take in the fall out. Most Competency Based leaders have an understanding of the mission of an organization and the things may lack can most often be taught or learned over the course of time. The focus is on the need of the organization based on goal set by management which could be totally focused on customer service or employee relations. In the newest challenges of an organization, the ability to adjust the changing demands and needs of an organization is a defining trait of a good Value Based leader. I strongly believe that leaders who are chosen for their competencies could also demonstrate servant leadership qualities if this attribute is cultivated as well as the individual have a heart to serve. Service is often a matter of the heart and a person would have to walk in humility in order to truly be able to demonstrate servant leadership qualities. So often in the corporate world, people are focused on the mission of the organization, output and quantity rather than quality. A servant leader focuses on the moral and well-being of their employees which can contribute to increase productivity, quality customer service and increase profits for an organization. A Competency-Based leader could be taught good interpersonal skills in order to learn to deal with the growing diversity of a workplace. This will help them to learn the qualities of service by learning to deal with different personality, attitudes and cultures. I believe Servant Leadership is something that has the possibility to be taught to people with other leadership styles if they are truly open to learn how to serve. References Catherine Tymkiw (2012). Abercrombie Fitch falls out of fashion, CNNMONEY Retrieved from www. cnn. com/ money Nicole Perlroth and Evenly Ruslie (2012) Security Start-Ups Catch Fancy of Investors (P. A. ) Retrieved from www. newyorktimes. com

Sleep free essay sample

Curran and I had walked on for numerous days without food or water. Cursors fever worsened. He was burning up and it took a lot of my energy to care for him. Regardless of that, we kept walking. After a few days, he recovered. Our rations were taken when we saw some American soldiers, leaving us with money and no food. I persuaded them that we were making our way back to our master, who allowed me to take my brother for a stroll since he was Ill. At least part of that was true.Curran mound a marketplace and a tavern. They were both small and nothing Like the ones we were accustomed to before. Then, we started arguing whether to go to the tavern or to go to the marketplace to buy food. Lets go to the marketplace. We are more likely to be caught If we go to the tavern. We will write a custom essay sample on Sleep or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Curran said In quiet voice. No, you need to rest, Youre still Ill. I said. Curran encouraged me, Ill be alright, what we need the most right now is food for the trip back to the Locations estate. Then, It hit me. I didnt hint about it before, but, where are we? Were we in South Carolina? I bothered to ask Curran, since he looked weary. After the long debate, we had decided to go to the marketplace. I did most of the talking so Curran could rest a little. People stared at my scar as they walked pass us, but I didnt mind that. Curran was breathing heavily. We walked to the tavern, hoping we wouldnt get caught. Sleep some. Ill wake you up when its time. I said. Curran argued No, we need t With that, he fell fast asleep.

Multicultural Education

Multicultural Education In todayÂÆ'‚‚s society there are many cultures and each of these has a different perspective of the world around them. In schools there is a growing need to address cultural differences. This includes biases that happen when there is a lack of understanding of other cultures.One way to begin is to understand exactly what culture is. According to Richard Gargiulo, culture is the attitudes, values, belief systems, norms, and traditions of a group that collectively form their heritage (2006). By understanding what the term culture encompasses, one can endeavor to demonstrate sensitivity to peopleÂÆ'‚‚s differences.Multicultural education is an important aspect in the education field. It is defined as an educational strategy where the cultural background of each student is valued, viewed positively, and used to develop effective instruction (Gargiulo, 2006). By utilizing this form of education, differences and biases can be addressed in the most diverse classrooms.By pr oviding culturally relevant instruction educators can address culture differences and how these differences influence studentÂÆ'‚‚s perspectives and behaviors (Banks, 2001).This can benefit the entire classroom, even the instructor, by encouraging tolerance and understanding of one anotherÂÆ'‚‚s differences.By implementing instruction with an emphasis on cultural differences and commonalities students can begin to develop an understanding of the plurality of our society (Hanley, 1999). This can then lead to the examination of commonly made assumptions and biases of other cultures and even their own cultures.By using these concepts teachers will provide students the tools to address cultural differences and biases. This can be achieved with multicultural education teaching students to have an open mind when addressing issues, to have a greater concept of oneself and others, and sensitivity and understanding of others of any culture. This will also enable students to better understand different cultural interpretations of events and...

Between vs. Among

Between vs. Among Between vs. Among Between vs. Among By Maeve Maddox The preposition between is from an Old English word related to the word two. It denotes a position between two things: The guard stood between the door and the street. Just between you and me, Im surprised that a graduate of Yale wouldnt speak better English. The preposition among derives from an Old English word meaning to mix or to mingle. Use among when speaking about more than two things: We wandered among the poppies, looking for the road to Oz. Lets keep this information among ourselves. A common error is to use between where among is more appropriate: I was one of eight brothers. Our parents never made any difference between us. Better: Our parents never made any difference among us. Here are some quotations from newspapers: storefronts in downtown Robersonville in North Carolina, one of 26 states where deaths now outnumber births among white people. (www.nytimes.com) Condom use is declining among sexually active teens, a federal survey found. (www.nytimes.com) sounded the alarm about the use of benzodiazepines among older adults. Often called â€Å"benzos,† the problem drugs include Valium (diazepam), Klonopin (clonazepam), (www.nytimes.com) SEOUL, South Korea – A top lieutenant of North Korean leader Kim Jong Un is in the United States conducting one of three sets of parallel talks aimed at salvaging a summit between Kim and President Donald Trump. usatoday.com Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:60 Synonyms for â€Å"Walk†Excited ABOUT, not "for" The Difference Between e.g. and i.e.?

Impact of the Housing Market on the US GDP Term Paper

Impact of the Housing Market on the US GDP - Term Paper Example There are different types of competition and different types of markets available in economic sense. Why is GDP important? The GDP Gross domestic product is one of the primary indicators to predict a country’s stability and economic health. â€Å"Gross domestic product (GDP) tells you about the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period. GDP per capita is often considered an indicator of a country's standard of living.† Impact of the Housing Market on the US GDP (Facts and Statistics): the housing market of US includes the construction, sale, and resale; of all residential properties all over the country, people might underestimate the US housing market but usually the conditions of the housing market indicates the stability of the entire economy. Homes are fixed Assets. Constructing and selling of the houses are highly related with the economic society. People usually buy houses for the purpose of long term investment. Hous es are their tangible assets. People only buy houses when they are confident enough that they will be able to pay entirely for the house. But often people take loans and borrow money from people to purchase a house and when they fail to pay back, this has a very diverse impact on the economy. Besides the basic buying and selling of the houses, whenever a new house is built or purchased many new appliances, furniture, utility services, and many other goods and services are brought. Many people earn their livelihood by constructing, buying and selling of the houses in US. Hence the Housing market has a vast impact on the US economy. â€Å"The best way to judge the stability of any country is to look at its GDP, the U.S. economy, as measured by GDP, is everything produced by all the people and all the companies in the U.S. In 2010, it was $14.7 trillion. (The American Bureau facts and statistics 2010)† Housing is a â€Å"mid-stream† sector of the economy, meaning that man y other industries, both upstream and downstream, is affected by the health of the housing market. For example, the demand for building materials increases in a booming housing market, as does the demand for appliances and furnishings. Even more important in terms of dollars pumped into the economy, is appreciated home values, which have been an important source of stimulus over the past few years. Housing sector contributes to GDP in two main ways: through private residential investment and consumption spending on housing services. In times gone by, residential investment has averaged roughly 5 percent of GDP while housing services have averaged between 12 and 13 percent, for a combined 17 to 18 percent of GDP. These shares tend to vary over the business cycle. The construction of the houses has a small portion of the Gross domestic product i.e. $573 bill-lion. Other investments like furniture and household equipments, comprises another 5 percent of GDP. Altogether, currently the h ousing sector comprises 15 percent of the economy. (The American Bureau facts and statistics 2011) Constructing a new home building generates income and jobs for the citizens, as well as becomes a source of revenue for the government. Whereas home building also generates liability for the government and increase their costs by

Sniffing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sniffing - Research Paper Example To Orebaugh, et al (2004), Sniffing fall into the category of wiretapping as it is a form of wiretap installed to computer networks as an alternative of phone networks. The device records the content conversation without the other party consent. Many organizations use this device to fix remote sniffing programs on routers and servers, which in turn, assists in traffic flows. In my opinion, it is illegal for organizations to use sniffer to secret monitor employee activities without their approval. Although it may be done to increase productivity, it is paramount for the other party to approve the activities carried out by the organization. My feeling about sniffer use both by insiders of organizations as well as outsiders is that, it should not occur unless a court order has been issued. It should only be carried when there is parties consent. However, when issued by the court it can be done to access employees input to the organization, and this may be helpful in enhancing productivity and company’s growth. If I would craft a law about packet sniffing, it would ensure that it only done to the parties consent. It would include rules and regulation to follow before using it. A court order would be issued before the devices are attached to the phone or any device. In turn, this would protect employees and clients from harassment and protection against theft. Stevens, G. M., Doyle, C., & Library of Congress. (2009).  Privacy: An overview of federal statutes governing wiretapping and electronic eavesdropping. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research

Understanding The Concepts Of Green Chemistry Environmental Sciences Essay

Understanding The Concepts Of Green Chemistry Environmental Sciences Essay Our environment, which is endowed by nature, needs to be protected from ever increasing chemical pollution associated with contemporary lifestyles and emerging technologies. India, 2nd largest producer of pesticides and ranked 12th in pharmaceutical production, is fast emerging as top 5 player in selected petrochemicals. The challenge for the institution and industries is to come together and pursue development in the field of greener chemistry by reducing or eliminating the use and generation of hazardous substances. We have organized a national and an international symposium for promoting Green Chemistry in India, which has provided the platform for interaction of concepts among the leading scientist. Moreover a refresher course of three weeks for college teachers on eco-friendly chemistry has also been organized earlier to promote awareness and facilitate education training and the practice of green chemistry in academic institutions. The main idea behind is to activate work towar ds green chemistry for which involvement of academic, industrial, governmental and non-governmental bodies is needed collectively which will help the designing and development of environment friendly chemistry practices in India. Contents Introduction. Principles of green chemistry. Sustainable development. Atom economy. Reactions in green chemistry. Reducing toxicity. Green analytical chemistry. What can green chemistry do? Why green chemistry? What is the role of chemist in green chemistry? Graph of published articles in journals. Examples of green chemistry. Examples of investigatory projects in green chemistry Future products. Some basic ways in which we go about green product development. Values of green chemistry in innovation, application and technology: Indian Scenario. Some recent developments and examples in green chemistry. Government initiatives. Introduction Green chemistry: Green chemistry may be defined as the invention ,design ,and application of chemical product and process to reduce the eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. Therefore, green chemistry is a tool not only for minimizing the negative impact of those procedures aimed at optimizing efficiency, although clearly both impact minimization and process optimization are legitimate and complementary objectives of the subject. Green chemistry, however, also recognizes that there are significant consequences to the use of hazardous substances, ranging from regulatory, handling and transport, and liability issues, to name a few. To limit the definition to deal with waste only, would be to address only part of the problem. Green chemistry is applicable to all aspects of the product life cycle as well.   Finally, the definition of green chemistry includes the term hazardous. It is important to note that green chemistry is a way of dealing with risk reduction and pollution prevention by addressing the intrinsic hazards of the substances rather than those circumstances and conditions of their use that might increase their risk. Green chemistry is not complicated although it is often elegant. Green chemistry applies to any type of chemistry such as organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, bio chemistry, analytical chemistry and even physical chemistry. Green chemistry is mainly for industrial area. The main goal of green chemistry is to minimizing the hazard and maximizing the efficiency of any chemical choice. Green chemistry can be applies on organic chemistry, physical chemistry, inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry and biochemistry. Mainly green chemistry focuses on industrial applications. The main goal of green chemistry is to minimizing the hazard and maximizing the efficiency of any chemical choice. Principles of green chemistry:- There are twelve principles of green chemistry. It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it is formed. Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product. Wherever practicable, synthetic methodologies should be designed to use and generate substances that possess little or no toxicity to human health and the environment. Chemical products should be designed to preserve efficacy of function while reducing toxicity. The use of auxiliary substances (solvents, separation agents, etc.) should be made unnecessary whenever possible and innocuous when used. Energy requirements should be recognized for their environmental and economic impacts and should be minimized. Synthetic methods should be conducted at ambient temperature and pressure. A raw material or feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting whenever technically and economically practicable. Unnecessary privatization (blocking group, protection/ deprotection, temporary modification of physical/chemical processes) should be avoided whenever possible. Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents. Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their function they do not persist in the environment and do break down into innocuous degradation products. Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to allow for real time, in-process monitoring and control before the formation of hazardous substances. Substances and the form of a substance used in a chemical process should be chosen to minimize the potential for chemical accidents, including releases, explosions, and fires. The term Green Chemistry, coined by staff at the US EPA in the 1990s, helped to bring focus to an increasing interest in developing more environmentally friendly chemical processes and products. An evaluation of how green a chemical reaction or a chemical process is seems to be best done in terms of the 12 principles that have been advocated by Anastas and Warner. These tenets deal with fundamental issues such as pollution prevention, atom economization and toxicity reduction. The essence of the 12 principles may be summarized as follows: Waste prevention instead of waste clean-up, atom economy as an important concern, design of environmentally friendly synthetic methodologies, design of safer chemicals, redundancy of auxiliary substances, conservation of energy, use of renewable feedstock, reduction of unnecessary derivatization , catalytic reactions instead of stoichiometric ones, debasement of final products after the end of their function, real-time analysis for pollution prevention and strategies for chemical accident prevention. Sustainable development- Sustainability in science and technology begins when we start thinking how to solve a problem or how to turn science into technology. Chemistry, as the science of matter and its transformation, plays a central role in this process and is the bridge between physics, material sciences and life sciences. Only chemical processes, which have reached after careful optimization a maximum in efficiency, will lead to more sustainable products and production. Scientists and engineers, who invent, develop and optimize such processes, therefore play a key role. Their awareness, creativity and looking ahead is needed to bring reactions and chemical processes to maximum efficiency. The term Green Chemistry has been coined for efforts towards this goal. Atom economy:- Atom economy means maximizing incorporation of material from the starting materials or reagents into the final products. It is essentially pollution prevention at molecular level. For example, a chemist practicing atom economy would choose to synthesis a needed product by putting together basic building blocks, rather than by breaking down a much larger starting material and discarding most of it waste. Atom economy is an important development beyond the traditionally taught concept of percent yield. Barry Trost, from Stanford University, published the concept of atom economy in science in 1991. In 1998 received the president green chemistry challenged award for his work. Atom economy answers the basic question, how much of what you put into your pot end up in your product. Calculation of Atom Economy Reactions in green chemistry- There are two types of reactions- Atom economic reactions. Atom un-economic reactions. In atom economic reactions there are another two type reactions Rearrangement reactions. Addition reactions. In atom un-economic reaction there are three type of reactions Substitution reaction. Elimination reaction. Witting reaction. Reducing toxicity- One of the underpinning principle of green chemistry is to design chemical product and process that use and produce less hazardous materials. Here hazardous cover all aspects, including toxicity, flammability, explosion potential, and environmental persistence. A hazard can be defined as situation that may lead to harm, whilst risk is the probability that harm will occur. From the point of view harm being caused by exposure to the chemical. Risk = Green analytical chemistry- The relationship between green chemistry and analytical chemistry can be treated in two ways. Analytical chemistry is a subject to control and justify green chemistry. This is where analytical chemistry is an efficient tool for confirmation of the green result of a chemical product or technology. On the other hand, chemical analysis methods need solvents, reagents, and energy, and they generate waste. The principles of green chemistry, suggested by Anastas and Warner, are directly related to analytical chemistry as well, the most important of them being prevention of waste generation; safer solvents and auxiliaries; design for energy efficiency; and Safer chemistry to minimize the potential of chemical accidents. In this way, analytical chemistry becomes an object of application of the principles of green Chemistry, and can be the target of a green chemistry approach similarly to other areas of chemistry and chemical technology. The term green analytical chemistry has been proposed by J. Namies ´nik in that several aspects of making analytical chemistry greener were discussed. The development of instrumental methods to replace wet chemistry in sample preparation and treatment is a general trend in analytical chemistry. Here, the main analytical result is related to an increase of analysis reliability, higher precision, and time saving, which very positively combines with a substantial reduction of waste. In most cases, the result of instrumental methods in analysis is a decrease in sample volume needed for analysis. Special efforts to integrate micro fluidics and processing in micro scale can substantially decrease the sample amount and accompanying generation of waste. In some cases, there is a choice of direct techniques of analysis (different laser-spectroscopic methods) or solvent less processes of analysis, which are green processes. However, in most cases, the samples under study are very complicated mixtures with interfering matrices not allowing the use of waste less method. The search for alternative solvents is an important step on the way of using greener methods. In This process, the main target should be not just the replacement, but introduction of an additional advantage from different properties of these solvents to improve the selectivity, sensitivity, and reliability of analysis, as well as reduce analysis time. The development of instrumental methods in general leads to an efficient use of energy, especially when the method is highly automated and uses a minimal amount of sample. The hyphenation of several methods for sample treatment and separation of components or integration of separation and complicated methods of detection enables an efficient use of energy. Additional energy saving is possible when a microwave treatment or even just microwave heating is incorporated into the process. An ultrasonic irradiation may also have a strong effect on several sample treatments. The development of photochemical methods is a highly green way in analytical chemistry as well. Most of the above-mentioned procedures also result in safer chemistry. In many cases of sample preparation and treatment, different chemical methods for derivatization and chemical modification of samples are still used. The search for less toxic compounds and processes with reduced waste generation should be an aim in the development of new methods. What can green chemistry do? Green chemistry is not a particular set of technologies, but rather an emphasis on the design  of chemical products and processes.   Sometimes, green chemistry takes place at the molecular level to reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. This approach offers environmentally beneficial alternatives to more hazardous chemicals and processes, and thus promotes pollution prevention. Green chemistry can lead to dramatic changes in how we interact with chemicals on a daily basis as in the case of the  2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis. The word metathesis means change-places. In metathesis reactions, double bonds are broken and made between carbon atoms in ways that cause atom groups to change places. This happens with the assistance of special catalyst molecules. Metathesis can be compared to a dance in which the couples change partners. Metathesis is used daily in the chemical industry, mainly in the development of pharmaceuticals and of advanced plastic materials. Thanks to the Laureates contributions, synthesis methods have been developed that are more efficient (fewer reaction steps, fewer resources required, less wastage), simpler to use (stable in air, at normal temperatures and pressures), and Environmentally friendlier (non-injurious solvents, less hazardous waste products). This represents a great step forward for green chemistry, reducing potentially hazardous waste through smarter production. Metathesis is an example of how important basic science has been applied for the benefit of man, society and the environment. The main question is that Why Green Chemistry? Green chemistry is effective in reducing the impact of chemicals on human health and the environment. In addition, many companies have found that it can be cheaper and even profitable to meet environmental goals. Profits derive from higher efficiency, less waste, better product quality, and reduced liability. Many environmental laws and regulations target hazardous chemicals, and following all these requirements can be complicated. But green chemistry allows companies to comply with the law in much simpler and cheaper ways. Finally, green chemistry is a fundamental science-based approach. Addressing the problem of hazard at the molecular level, it can be applied to all kinds of environmental issues. Since 1991, there have been many advances in green chemistry, in both academic research and industrial implementation. For example, Spinosad , an insecticide manufactured by fermenting a naturally occurring soil organism, was registered by the EPA as a reduced-risk insecticide in 1997. Spinosad does not leach, bioaccumulation, volatilize, or persist in the environment and in field tests left 70 to 90 percent of beneficial insects unharmed. It has a relatively low toxicity to mammals and birds and is slightly to moderately toxic to aquatic organisms, but is toxic to bees until it dries. In another advance, an industrial cleaning solvent, ethyl lactate, made from cornstarch and soybean oil was patented in 2000 and is competitively priced with petrochemical solvents. It biodegrades to carbon dioxide and water and has no known harmful effects for the environment, humans, or wildlife. These advances, however, represent an extremely small fraction of the potential applications of green che mistry. Because the products and processes that form the basis of the economy and infrastructure are based on the design and utilization of chemicals and materials, the challenges facing this field are enormous. What is the role of chemist in green chemistry? Chemist can use his knowledge of green chemistry and its benefits to justify research into cleaner and greener process. In most cases it is readily demonstrable that green chemistry approach involving reduction of waste, material and energy, will also lead to cost reductions and that this in turn will have a positive effect on profitability. In academia initiatives such as the engineering and physical sciences research council (EPSRC) Clean Technology Programme and the governments sustainable technology initiative have already encouraged professionals to enter this area. Although many of the technologies or tools required to make chemical manufacturing more sustainable are available, and indeed industry already making significant progress , much more can be achieved. In order to move forward chemist need to understand, and overcome the barrier s, both real and perceived, that exist to innovation in this area. In some cases a culture change may be required before the potential financial benefits are fully appreciated. Professional chemist also have a major role in helping to encourage all interested parties, including industry, customers, pressure groups, government, educationalist and researchers, to co-operate to ensure a cleaner and more sustainable future. Graph of published articles in journals- Examples of green chemistry- Lead-free solders and other products- Breakthroughs in the replacement of lead include use of new soldering materials, alternatives to lead additives in paint and the development of cleaner batteries. Bioplastics Plastics made from plants, including corn, potatoes or other agricultural products, even agricultural waste, are an important example of green chemistry. Products already available are forks, knives and spoons made from potato starch and biodegradable packaging made from corn. Flame resistant materials-Plastics that do not require the use of flame retardants are a solution to the problem of toxic flame retardants. A combination of polylactic acid and kenaf-two agriculturally products-has already been developed for this purpose. Halogen-free flame retardants- For products that still require the use of flame retardants, green chemistry can help identify new, less toxic alternatives. For example, silicone based materials can be used. Biopesticides also the good example of green chemistry- Biopesticides offer powerful tools to create a new generation of sustainable agriculture products. They are the most likely source for alternatives to some of the most problematic chemical pesticides currently in use. Biopesticides also offer solutions to concerns such as pest resistance to traditional chemical pesticides, public concern about side effects of pesticides on the surrounding environment and ultimately, on human health. Examples of Investigatory Projects in Green Chemistry- Effects of Detergent Phosphates on Plant Growth Because phosphates from household detergents seep into groundwater, a simulated effect can be investigated using a young pea plant and a solution of 90-percent water to 10-percent  laundry detergent  solution. Use two containers of pond water to simulate phosphates catalytic effect on algae growth by adding detergent solution to one container intermittently and using an unaltered container as a control. Record all observations qualitatively and quantitatively. Effect of Pollution on Biodiversity Use several terrariums made from local organisms, soils and water to investigate how pollution affects the amount of biodiversity in an ecosystem. Pollute terrariums by spraying diluted sulphuric acid into a terrarium to represent acid rain. Pollute another terrarium by carefully burning a birthday candle inside daily to represent smog. Leave one terrarium unpolluted to use as a control group. Record all observations qualitatively and quantitatively. Storm Water Geologically Filtered After a hard rain, water rushes into local waterways carrying many pollutants. Polluted water can be created by mixing water with small objects and dark colored dirt to represent different types of pollution. Devise a system of filtration using different sized grains of soil to create situations of altered porosities and permeability. Record all effects on pollution filtration qualitatively and quantitatively. Future products- PVC free cables  -will reduce the use of both PVC and of lead, which is used as a stabilizer in PVC cabling. The Toxic Use Reduction Institute has been working on this new solder. New lead-free solders  with lower heat requirements are being developed. Our new product development will focus on: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Polymeric solutions, big molecules à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reactive products that become bound to the final polymer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Non-toxic small molecules à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Mineral products à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Minimizing the life cycle of products that remain in the environment   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Improving recyclability à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Implementing measures throughout the supply chain to minimize emissions of persistent compounds à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Engaging distributors, customers and competitors in programs, such as VECAP, to eliminate all harmful products from the environment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Continuing to advise consumers of the important of sustainable products. Some basic ways in which we go about green product development Selection of reagents with lowest toxicity Choice of catalysts that would provide highest reaction yield, thus minimizing waste Choosing the right form of energy to maximize reaction efficiency Precise calculations to predict with just two to three experiments how the reaction can be optimized, as well as the two or three preferable solvents for that reaction Identification of potential hazards before conducting the reaction. Specific parameters such as heat of the reaction are studied. Values of Green Chemistry in Innovation, Application and Technology: Indian Scenario- Green chemistry focuses on the reduction, recycling, and/or elimination of the use of toxic and hazardous chemicals in production processes by finding creative, alternative routes for making the desired products that minimize the impact on the environment. Green chemistry is a more eco-friendly green alternative to conventional chemistry practices. The green chemistry movement is part of a larger movement ultimately leading to a green economy- namely sustainable development, sustainable business and sustainable living practices. Green chemistry can contribute to achieving sustainability in three key areas. First, renewable energy technologies will be the central pillar of a sustainable high-technology civilization. Second, the reagents used by the chemical industry. Third, polluting technologies must be replaced by benign alternatives. The aim of the article is to acquaint the academicians, researchers, scientists and engineers with values and positive impact of green Chemistry in in novation, application and Technology. The green chemistry wave has reached our country too. We need to work for its betterment by encouraging the practices of green chemistry. Collaborations between industrial and academic partners are important to expedite the transfer of significant green products to the marketplace. For such collaborations to be successful, individuals in these two differently motivated cultures need to work together to advance green science. Governments could undoubtedly facilitate formation of more effective industrial/academic partnerships. Under an agreement with the Green Chemical Institute, University of Delhi has been accepted as an international chapter. The Indian chapter will promote green chemistry through education, information collection and dissemination, research and international collaboration via conferences, workshops, meeting and symposia.   In India, although there is growing awareness about the ill effects of pollution, promotion of continual introduction of environmentally friendly products a methodologies in the chemical industry needs to be furthered. Usage of nonconventional technologies is highly popular in India. First in this list is the usage of microwaves. Further, the microwave chemists are turning their attention toward microwave-assisted dry-media reactions in order to minimize solvent usage, an added advantage to already established microwave chemistry. In addition to microwave-assisted reactions, ultrasonic and photochemical reactions are also used as nonconventional reaction technology. Analytical chemistry has been at the center of the green chemistry movement. Advances in analytical chemistry are key to environmental protection. In India, the focus for analytical chemistry is mainly on extraction technologies such as solid phase, ultrasound and microwave, supercritical fluid extraction, and automated s oxhlet extraction. Monitoring and analysis of heavy metals and pesticides is very important for an agro economy-based country like India and chief governmental institutes like the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) and the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) are working extensively in this field. Further removing of these elements from industrial and agrochemical usage is of prime importance for these. Some recent developments and examples in green chemistry- Chemists from all over the world are using their creative and innovative skills to develop new processes, synthetic methods, analytical tools, reaction conditions, catalysts, etc. under the new green chemistry cover. Some of these are. A continuous process and apparatus converts waste biomass into industrial chemicals, fuels and animal feed. Another process converts waste biomass such as municipal solid waste, sewage sludge, plastic, tires and agricultural residues to useful products, including hydrogen, ethanol and acetic acid. A method for mass producing taxol by semi continuous culture of Taxus genus plant. A fermentation method for the production of carboxylic acids. A method of partially oxidizing alcohol such as methanol to ethers, aldehydes, esters or acids, by using a supercritical fluid mobile. A process for producing a fluoropolymer by using supercritical carbon dioxide. A cost-effective method of producing ethyl lactate, a non-toxic solvent derived from corn. A range of organic solvents that are worker friendly and environmentally sound. A new environmentally friendly technology in mixed metals recovery from spent acid wastes has been used to recover zinc and ferrous chloride from pickle liquor. The demand for non-ionic surfactants is growing and a new example of this is alkyl glycoside, which is made from saccharide. This product can be used as a replacement for alkyl aryl sulphonate anionic surfactants in shampoos. Sodium silicate can be used as a more environmentally benign replacement for phosphorus-containing additives in washing powder. Three coconut oil soap bases for liquid cleansing applications have been developed. One of these products has very light color and low odor, making it suitable for introducing dyes and fragrances. Feedstock recycling  of plastic wastes into valuable chemicals useful as fuels or raw materials. Developing Countries and Green Chemistry- In developing countries, the introduction of green chemistry is still in a stage of infancy, despite the significant need and the significant role green chemistry can play. Many of the practices in developing countries are still far from the concepts of safety, pollution prevention and design of energy efficiency. Environmental pollution and waste generation are some of the aching problems many developing countries are suffering from. Many of the reasons behind these problems lie in policies and strategies adopted that are based on end-of pipe treatment, rather than pollution prevention at source or implementing life cycle thinking in handling waste problems. Most frequently, income generation activities are dependent on an efficient use of energy and other resources such as water, which may pose some serious problems to future generations. The United Nations reporting on the millennium development goals at a country level indicated a high level of energy consumption and limited energy resources in most of the developing countries. The report strongly recommends the imperative need to ration the use of energy resources in these countries and to implement energy conservation policies. The same trend of difficulties developing countries face has been illustrated in the series of country reports produced by the rural development at the water and environment department of the World Bank. Sustainable chemistry could play a pivotal role in salvaging many of the ailing conditions that many of the developing countries are subjected to. The use of solar energy, introduction of sustainable farming, recycling, and the implementation of life cycle thinking and life cycle analysis as a management tool for some of the chronic issues such as municipal waste management, are some few examples of how green chemistry can benefit developing communities. Green chemistry can also have a very strong impact on water sufficiency issues in that part of the developing world where water resources is the most vital issue. It is through the implementation of cleaner production and use of safe and biodegradable chemicals that a huge volume of wastewater could be reused to quench the emerging, critical need of water in many of these countries. Government Initiatives- Government can do a lot of good for the cause of green chemistry by increasing public awareness and by bringing and enforcing strict environmental legislations. One of the recent and controversial examples of government initiative is the conversion of diesel vehicles to compressed natural gas (CNG) in order to reduce pollution. Relocation of industries into industrial areas away from residential parks is another bold step taken by the Delhi government. Further, the government is also concentrating on new projects such as fuel pellets from municipal waste, aspirated H-cylinder engines for light commercial vehicles (LCVs), meeting India 2000 emission norms, battery-powered cars for pollution-free driving, hydrogen energy and energy towers for new environment-friendly fuel, development of traditional herbal drugs as adapt gens a immunomodulators. The government should also increase funding to encourage research in green chemistry. By introducing green chemistry education at all levels, the government can build a solid foundation toward green chemistry in India.