To what extent does Erving Goffmans theories of social performance apply to modern digital forms of social interaction - Free Essay Example

Introduction The sociologist Erving Goffman (1922-1982) focused on the social world at the micro level to analyse the social and symbolic interactions between individuals. Goffman (1959) analysed the ways in which individuals presented themselves to others. Goffman (1959: 74) found that individuals do not present their real, true selves; instead they present an idealised version of how they would like to be perceived by others using cultural scripts (Hogan, 2010: 378). An example of this is when a waiter dons a Tuxedo and straightens his posture to wait on customers in a restaurant (Goffman, 1959: 122). He is tentative, patient and enabling, and his manners are impeccable even when the customer asks [Do] you call yourself a waiter, you young bastard? You a waiter! Youre not fit to scrub floors in the brothel your mother came from. Maquereau! (Goffman, 1959: 122). This symbolic interaction ensures that the waiter remains composed and apologetic, but when his shift ends, he changes into casual wear, his body visibly relaxes and he unwinds backstage in the staff room by collectively mocking the customers with his team, who collectively share these sentiments (Goffman, 1959: 97). These appear to be two different individuals because individuals adopt impression management to present the self in ways that obscure the authentic self, or in simple terms, they put on a front (Goffman, 1959: 116; Hogan, 2010: 378). This paper evaluates whether Goffmans fifty year-old dramaturgical theory is relevant to the social performance portrayed in modern digital forms of social interaction in the context of the social media networking sites in contemporary society. Dramaturgy Goffman conducted his research using a technique that he conceptualised as a dramaturgical approach; the key to his theory is drama (1959: 113). Goffman (1959) used the analogy of an actor interacting or rather performing on a theatrical stage in front of an audience. Within this dramaturgical situation, every scene is a new role on another stage (Goffman, 1959:113). While the interaction using a preferred identity is performed to an audience on the front stage, backstage is where perfecting the performance takes place and where the actor can revert back to his authentic self again (Goffman, 1959). Thus, the process of symbolic interaction is an individual who puts on a front to an audience (Hogan, 2010: 378). Symbolic interaction is predicated on locating the meanings from which shared or collective meanings are created within the performance (Hamilton, 2004). The interaction occurs in the presence of an audience [the customer] which either credits or discredits the actors [the wa iter] based upon the performance (Goffman, 1959). Social Media Facebook provides a platform upon which numerous roles and dramaturgy are performed uniquely by millions of interpersonal interactions on the front stage before an audience every day. The proliferation of handheld digital devices on the market has led to a huge increase in the number of people using digital social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter and MySpace (Hogan, 2010; Almjeld, 2009). Social media and digital devices are personal and portable, which maintains a constant networked connection with the individuals social networks (Burchell, 2012: 3). This has radically altered the ways in individuals interact with others (Hogan, 2010). Social media websites such as Facebook provide a stage in which they interact with old school friends, long lost best friends, family, extended family, friends of family and colleagues (Hogan, 2010). Although the authentic self of the actor may be known to these associates, impression management is nevertheless practised; in Facebook terms this can involve vast numbers of audience as this networking forum now has over a billion subscribers (Frissen et al., 2015: 23). The popularity of an individual is defined based on the number of friends they have in their friends list (Hogan, 2010). Facebook is described by Timmermans as a site for individual entertainment, and as a tool for maintaining and building communities (Timmermans 2010: 189). However, Hogan argues that it is a place for symbolic interaction on a hitherto unknown scale (Hogan, 2010). By contrast to the one-way processes of television, social media enables the two-way interaction whereby commentary and feedback make these platforms simultaneously exciting and frightening (Meden, 2009: 59). Gender Evidence of Goffmans performance is present in the research findings by Almjeld (2009) on female users of MySpace. The research highlights how social networking was overall empowering to women, who demonstrated impression management which sold their online identities and interactions through numerous construction of multiple identities by the re-writing of the self (Bolter, 2001 197; Almjeld, 2009: 155). It also enables women to practice and perform new femininities in relative security (Meden, 2009: 61). Medens research on women found that they conveyed an enhanced image of themselves through renaming themselves on Facebook as jocks, scholars, tech enthusiasts, flirts and friends (Meden, 2009: 61). In doing so, they rejected their bland identities and traditional roles as wives and mothers on blogs and social networking sites (Meden, 2009: 61). This illustrates the emancipatory potential of social media (Cheung, 2000: 55). The practice and performance of disguising the authentic s elf illustrates the relevance of the front stage and the backstage in relation to impression management (Miller, 1995). In the physical world, women have traditionally undertaken making scrapbooks, photo albums and note passing to equip themselves with the building blocks needed to forge social identities and form new social relationships (Almjeld, 2009: 154). However, in the virtual world, women practise impression management as bloggers and [by] instant messaging and in chat rooms (Almjeld, 2009: 154). Miller and Arnold (2001) argue that online interaction is no more or less problematic than face-to-face interaction because it is real life in both contexts (in Kelly, et al., 2006: 92). However, there are different issues attached to each. Expressions It is claimed that the online approach does not mediate the expressions or body language to its audience; actors only give what they type in their message to enhance their persona, whereas in contrast, face-to-face interactions give away far more information to the audience than online interactions (Bullingham and Vasconcelos, 2013; Goffman, 1959). This is because the actor is physically before the audience in the face-to-face context whereby the observers can read the expressions that they give as well as those that they give off or leak (Miller and Arnold, 2001: 74). In the latter, actors inadvertently give off information that was not intended for their audience (Miller and Arnold, 2012: 1). Specific fronts are displayed in accordance with the level of the sustained observation of the audience (Hogan, 2010). In cases where the enhanced identity nurtured by the interaction is knowingly contradicted on the front stage, the audience can identify this error which results in the acto rs performance being discredited (Bullingham and Vasconcelos, 2012). Backstage is where the work is done to avoid these issues (Bullingham and Vasconcelos, 2012). Performance Goffman identifies three overlapping groups of potential errors that could impinge on the performance of a genuine actor when the impression is mismanaged, resulting in the performance being discredited by the audience (Goffman, 1959). The first group may trip, stumble or fall [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] belch, yawn, or go blank (Goffman, 1959: 60). For example, Ed Miliband stumbled off the stage after performing to a live audience to vote him in as Prime Minister (Bennett, 2015: [Online]). Journalists focused on the stumble and not his interaction thereby discrediting his performance (Goffman, 1959). The outcome may have differed significantly if he had pre-recorded his interaction via YouTube. However, David Cameron gave off numerous expressions as he perspired and recoiled in his incoherent and inarticulate responses to questions on Gay Rights (YouTube, 2010: [Online]; Goffman, 1959: 73). Goffman argues that the second group experience nervousness, lack confidence or are too self-aware , which thereby discrediting the performance (Goffman, 1959:60). This is linked to the both the second and the third group which are the backstage team who in this case left Cameron wholly under-prepared, resulting in a discredited performance (Goffman, 1959). Backstage preparation helps to counter such issues as participants collectively enable the smooth running of the performance at the front stage to avoid the redeeming gaffes (Miller, 1995: 1). For example, Goffman questions whether performers are being truthful or whether their points are valid or spurious (Goffman, 1959: 66). However, sometimes previous performances in the past can come back to haunt the present. One example is the case of Paris Brown who secured the authoritative post as Britains first Youth Police and Crime Commissioner (The Guardian, 2013: [Online]). However, in a number of interactions on Twitter prior to getting the job, she displayed homophobic, racist and violent tweets which resulted in a call for her resignation (The Guardian, 2013: [Online]). Goffman argues that audiences cannot wait to put a chink in the armour of performers who fail in order to discredit their pretensions (1959: 66). These claims may well have been Browns way of presenting herself as something more lively and streetwise than she really was, but only to her peer group as she experimented with her identity (Livingstone, 1998). Paris Brown also described herself on Twitter as: either really fun, friendly and inclusive when im drunk or im an anti- social, racist, sexist, embarrassing a****** often its the latter (cited in Myers, 2013: [Online]). Paris Brown provides two sides to her identity: a nice fun girl who cares about others and one who is unpleasant and intolerant of diversity (The Guardian, 2013: [Online]). While this may have been a case of bravado, this impression [mis-]management illustrates how performing to a global audience can be discredited repeatedly, and at a much later date such redee ming gaffes may be problematic for the teenager (Goffman, 1959: 66; Miller, 1995: 1). Teenagers According to Livingstone, teenagers tend to experiment and play around with their online identities (1998: 407). They recognise opportunities and risks and self-actualisation is more likely to be realised where teenagers negotiate a cost benefit analysis between the risk factors such as abuse, privacy or being misinterpreted and the opportunities in terms of identity, relationships and social capital (Livingstone, 1998: 407). Evidence is provided in the respondents in Asplings qualitative research study. However, Lars wants people to think he has a life away from Facebook when he asserts: I dont want to be seen as someone that lives with Facebook. But no, I dont do that, I dont want to be seen as a freakà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦'(cited in Aspling, 2011: 22) This is despite the fact that Lars confessed to updating his status several times a day thereby contradicting his enhanced identity which would result in his performance being discredited by his audience who would potentially see hi m as a freak (Bullingham and Vasconcelos, 2012: 102). In contrast, another Facebook user asserts that: Maybe they gain a somewhat positive image of myself, you only upload images that are good, everything good you have done, perhaps it is a more positive image of myself than in reality, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ you only upload things that are good (Cited in Aspling, 2011: 22) This highlights the dramaturgical nature of impression management in full force as this respondent wants to convey a perfect identity and life. This is wholly unrealistic and would no doubt be discredited by some of his audience. The same applies to profile pictures which attract the most comments on Facebook. Impression management involves enhancing profile pictures or dressing provocatively to convey a more desirable, sexier identity in the search for a new partner (Goffman, 1959). As one Facebook user asserts: I think that people are more intimate on Facebook than they should, pictures of them in lingerie, p arty-pictures etc. that anyone can see (Cited in Aspling, 2011: 22) This disapproval of intimacy shows that audiences are more likely to discredit performances that convey a sexy identity by dressing up. As Goffman argues, [Even] if each woman dresses in conformity with her status, a game is still being played [which] plays to the imaginary as in a picture or sculpture (1959: 221). In other words, being so fixed or perfect is unreal in this overt form of impression management (Goffman, 1959: 221). Conclusion In conclusion, it is evident following a critical analysis of the debates above that Goffmans dramaturgy is perhaps even more relevant in contemporary society than at the time of Goffmans writing. Social media provides actors the platform for actors to convey enhanced identities through impression management using cultural scripts. Evidence of impression management is abundant in the rejection of their authentic identity which, in a face-to-face setting, is more problematic. For example, the impression management of two politicians aspiring to be Prime Minister were discredited on both live television and pre-recorded social media because they gave away elements of their true identity despite claims that expressions are only given off in face-to-face interaction. Facebook users only give intended information which are credited whereas constantly updating statuses gives off negative expressions that are discredited. Nevertheless, the actors enhanced personalities are constructed and rehearsed backstage which through social media is anywhere that is not online; the dramaturgy is performed at the front by a keystroke. Word Count: 2,194 Bibliography Almjeld, J.M. (2009) The Girls of MySpace: New Media as Gendered Literacy Practice and Identity Construction. Doctoral Dissertation, Bowling Green State University, English/Rhetoric and Writing Aspling, F. (2011) The private and the public in online presentations of the self, Stockholm: Stockholm University Bennett, A. (2015) Thought Ed Milibands stumble was bad? These politicians had much worse falls The Telegraph [Online] Available: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/general-election-2015/politics-blog/11576072/Thought-Ed-Milibands-stumble-was-bad-These-politicians-had-much-worse-falls.html (Accessed 22nd August 2015) Bolter, J. D. (2001). Writing space: Computers, Hypertext, and the Remediation of Print. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Burchell, K.D. (2012) Negotiating Connection without Convention: The Management of Presence, Time, and Networked Technology in Everyday Life, London: Goldsmiths, University of London Bullingham, D. Vasconcelos (2013) The P resentation of Self in the Online World: Goffman and the Study of Online Identities, Journal of Information Science, 39(1): 101-112 Cheung, C. (2000) A Home on the Web: Presentations of Self on Personal Homepages in Gauntlett, D. (Ed.). Web studies: Rewiring Media Studies for the Media Age (pp.43à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"51) London: Arnold Frissen, V., Lammes, S., Michiel De Lange, M. De Mul, J. Raessens, J. (2015) Playful Identities: The Ludification of Digital Media Cultures, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University PressGoffman, E. (1959) The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. London: Penguin Goffman, E. (1984) Stigma: notes on the management of spoiled Identity. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Guardian (2013) Paris Brown: no further action to be taken over Twitter comments, Guardian [Online] Available: https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/apr/21/paris-brown-no-action-twitter-comments (Accessed 22nd August 2015) Hamilton, P. (2004) The street and everyday life in Bennett, T. Wats on, D. (Eds.) Understanding Everyday Life (pp. 91-138) London: Routledge Hogan B. (2010) The Presentation of Self in the Age of Social Media: Distinguishing Performances and Exhibitions Online, Bulletin of Science Technology Society 2010 30(3): 377 Kelly, D. M., Pomerantz, S., Currie, D. H. (2006). No Boundaries? Girls Interactive, Online Learning About Femininities Youth Society, 38(1): 3-28 6 Livingstone, S. (1998): Relationships between media and audiences in Liebes, T. Curren, N. (Eds.) Media, ritual and identity (pp. 237-255) London, New York: Routledge Meden, A. (2009) Identity Formation in Social Networks Websites: Facebook and the Interaction Between Young Individuals in the Cases of Slovenia And Catalonia, Barcelona: Universitat Pompeu Fabra Miller, H. (1995) The Presentation of Self in Electronic Life: Goffman on the Internet [Paper presented at Embodied Knowledge and Virtual Space Conference Goldsmiths College, University of London, June 1995] Nottingha m: Nottingham Trent University Miller, H., Arnold, J. (2001) Self in Web Home Pages: Gender, Identity and Power in Cyberspace in Riva, G., Galimberti, C. (Ed.) (2001-2003) Towards CyberPsychology: Mind, Cognitions and Society in the Internet Age, (pp. 74-94), Amsterdam: IOS Press Myers, R. (2013) Is this foul-mouthed, self-obsessed Twitter teen really the future of British policing? Youth crime tsars sex and drug rants, Daily Mail [Online] Available: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2305118/Paris-Brown-Is-foul-mouthed-self-obsessed-Twitter-teen-really-future-British-policing.html#ixzz3jYK3tXBO (Accessed 22nd August 2015) Timmermans, J. (2010) Playing with paradoxes: Identity in the web era. PhD dissertation. Rotterdam: Erasmus University YouTube (2010) David Cameron disastrous gay rights interview YouTube [Online] Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7bRT5D4msOI (Accessed 22nd August 2015)

Learn How to Conjugate Valoir (to Value) in French

Valoir  means to be worth in French. This verb is easier to remember if you associate it with the English word value, which is how we often refer to how much something is worth.   When you want to use  valoir  in the past tense was worth or the future tense will be worth, youll need to know its conjugations. A quick lesson will help you learn the simplest and most useful forms of  valoir  that you will need for conversations. The Basic Conjugations of  Valoir French verb conjugations are required for correct grammar. They allow us to transform the verb into various tenses to indicate when the act took place. The trick with French, though, is that you have to learn a new form for each subject pronoun within each tense. This does give you more words to memorize, but it does get easier with time and with each new verb you add to your vocabulary. Valoir  is an  irregular verb, so you cannot rely on any common conjugation patterns that you may already know. Instead, you will need to commit each of these to memory. Well begin with the indicative verb mood, which includes the most basic ways to say  valoir  in the present, future, and imperfect past tenses. Notice how the verb stem changes dramatically, sometimes including the  val-  stem and sometimes changing it to  vau-. This is why  valoir  is one of the more challenging verbs to study. Using the chart, pair the subject pronoun with the proper tense for your subject. For instance, I am worth is  je vaux  and we were worth is  nous valions. Present Future Imperfect je vaux vaudrai valais tu vaux vaudras valais il vaut vaudra valait nous valons vaudrons valions vous valez vaudrez valiez ils valent vaudront valaient The Present Participle of  Valoir Possibly the easiest conjugation for  valoir  is the  present participle. This one does follow a common rule, adding -ant  to the verb stem to create  valant. Valoir  in the Compound Past Tense The compound past tense is known in French as the  passà © composà ©Ã‚  and it is common as well. To form it, you will need to conjugate the  auxiliary verb avoir  to the subject in the present tense, then add the  past participle  valu. For example, I was worth is  jai valu  and we were worth is  nous avons valu. More Simple Conjugations of  Valoir Its a good idea to finish your study of  valoir  with a few more simple conjugations. They each have their use in special circumstances and as you become more fluent, they may become useful.   The subjunctive, for instance, calls the act into question in some way. The conditional, on the other hand, says its dependent on something else. In formal writing, you may encounter the literary tenses of the  the passà © simple  or  the imperfect subjunctive. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je vaille vaudrais valus valusse tu vailles vaudrais valus valusses il vaille vaudrait valut valt nous valions vaudrions valmes valussions vous valiez vaudriez valtes valussiez ils vaillent vaudraient valurent valussent You may not need to use  valoir  in  the imperative form  because its typically used for exclamations and it doesnt make much sense to say Worth! Yet, if you ever do find yourself in need of it, know that you can skip the subject pronoun. Imperative (tu) vaux (nous) valons (vous) valez

Building A Sustainable Plan For A Business Model - 870 Words

Built to make profit, businesses/firms believed making money was their sole purpose—and their business model made everything subservient to money and corporate greed. Only now, have we begun to see and understand how irresponsible we have become and those business models may make money but they are killing the environment. Here we will look at four businesses and their different models that center around sustainability, caring about mother earth, and still able to make money. The framework we will evaluate these organizations is through the triple bottom line method, process improvement, economic development, and giving back (altruism), as well as, build a sustainable plan for a company that had not implemented one in the past and is failing to accept any environmental responsibility. Beginning with the triple bottom line approach, we see this phenomenon discards the notion of top-line revenue/bottom-line profit and loss, we see companies are responsible for three bottom li nes: people, planet and profit. Triple bottom line companies are responsibly sustainable; they benefit the communities, facilitate the development of better products and services, and contribute to society. The question now becomes why not every company is adjusting their business model to the triple bottom line. Companies like Patagonia are onboard with this idea and they have been very profitable and highly regarded on Wall Street. Companies like BASF and DuPont developed well defined thatShow MoreRelatedCrafting and Executing Startegy (Chapter 1)1405 Words   |  6 Pagesconduct of its business, and strengthen its prospects for long-term success. 2. Develop an awareness of the four most dependable strategic approaches for setting a company apart from rivals and winning a sustainable competitive advantage. 3. Understand that a company’s strategy tends to evolve over time because of changing circumstances and ongoing management efforts to improve the company’s strategy. 4. Learn why it is important for a company to have a viable business model that outlinesRead MoreUnilever : A Competitive And Volatile Environment840 Words   |  4 Pagesprofitability. Legal requirements, technical changes, and change in the habits of the customers have created problems for businesses. Companies, including us, have to be updated, and continuous RD is the key solution to many of our problems. An attractive business is one with higher margins and low competitions. Therefore, if the environment where we operate is with higher level of competition and low level of profit margins, our best strategy is to keep customers satisfied and loyal, continuous RD, costRead MoreCrafting and Executing Startegy (Chapter 1)1398 Words   |  6 Pagesthe conduct of its business, and strengthen its prospects for long-term success. 2. Develop an awareness of the four most dependable strategic approaches for setting a company apart from rivals and winning a sustainable competitive advantage. 3. Understand that a company’s strategy tends to evolve over time because of changing circumstances and ongoing management efforts to improve the company’s strategy. 4. Learn why it is important for a company to have a viable business model that outlines theRead MoreRole And Importance Of An Sm921 Words   |  4 Pagesunstability and it will fall within the relm of the sustainability manager to ensure risk is reduced and all the business goals are met in a timely and efficient manner. This role will provide guidelines to becoming more economically and environmentally responsible http://www.environmentalleader.com/2011/04/13/the-case-for-the-role-of-energy-and-sustainability-manager/#ixzz3JozBCw6R Sustainable Management Home Depot Home Depot has focused on saving an estimated average of 500,000 gallons of water perRead MoreManagement For A Small Planet : Book Review1356 Words   |  6 Pagesconcepts being introduced, which can be co related to sensitive environmental issues. This can help achieve a long term economic success within the limits of the ecosystem. The Earth is Small Planet Over the years of the Industrial Revolution, business organisations have ignored the effects on the Earth which has been caused due to their strategic decisions. In this new view, the organisations will function in an economy which co evolves with the environment and people. Over the years, the EarthRead MoreSustainable Development and Businesses Essay1049 Words   |  5 Pagesattention within society, sustainable development is acknowledged by the majority to mean ‘development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ (Commission 1987). This essay will look into the practices of ANZ as a sustainable business and examine their ecological, economic and social environments. Sustainability is a concept that supports strong economic, environmental and social development within the business. Through this practiceRead MoreMgt 401 Week 21447 Words   |  6 PagesGood title page! Business Model Comparison Team A – Kristen Taylor, Velma Mobley, Aaron Ford, Courtney Uchiyama July 8, 2013 MGT/401 Tricia Rosengarten Business Model Comparison Most small businesses require some outside funding. Not many entrepreneurs have enough personal capital to open and maintain funding for a business. To attract investors and attain partnerships, a business owner should consider a business model necessary. This paper will compare two restaurant businessesRead MoreNike s Business Growth Strategy934 Words   |  4 PagesNike has three main areas that they highlight in their strategic plan: innovation, sustainability, and market leader of athletic brands. These are three areas that are very hard to accomplish, and I hope Nike has not bit off more than they can chew. According to Nikebiz.com,† innovation is at the heart of NIKE, Inc. s business growth strategy. Our relentless focus to be better helps us create the world s most innovative products for consumers across the globe†. Innovation, especially in the clothingRead MoreDeveloping A Sustainable Business Model That Is Profitable For Both Them, And The Solidaridad Farmers1265 Words   |  6 PagesNico Roozen and Frans van der Hoff need to develop a sustainable business model that is profitable for both them, and the Solidaridad farmers. Nico and Frans’ have several options; they can choose to purchase a hallmark and sell raw beans to wholesalers, they could create their own brand and sell roasted and unroasted coffee to retailers, or they could provide raw beans to a partner coffee brand. Nico and Frans can purchase a hallmark and sell unroasted coffee beans to wholesalers. Purchasing aRead MoreProject Management Cycle Of An Engineering Firm Green Building Ltd1141 Words   |  5 Pagesengineering firm Green Building Pty. Ltd. while constructing a home using recycled shipping containers as the core framework. The report will be based on the building conditions and regulations based on the Brisbane City Council Region. â€Æ' 2 BACKGROUND Green Building, is a Brisbane based engineering firm and our ethos is formed around sustainable and affordable development. The team consists of Eric Nguyen - Project Manager and Steve Harch – Construction Manager. ‘Green building’ the namesake of our

Social Inequalities During The Industrial Revolution

â€Å"Compare the documents written by Elizabeth Bentley (Factory Work, testimony), Samuel Smiles (Thrift) as well as Karl Marx and Frederick Engels (The Communist Manifesto). To what extent do these documents address social inequalities during the industrial revolution? 768/1,500 (+785) Introduction 174/150 (-24) The advent of the Industrial Revolution in Britain created a duality of Nouveau Rich Bourgeoisie and Critically Poverty Stricken Proletariat. This was created through the move of production from the community based artisan cottage industry into the factory based mass production of consumer good. The loss of identity by the artisans has been described in greater detail by Elizabeth Bentley. While Benjamin Smiley considered the problems of the working class to be created by those who suffered. While taking a more scientific and historical context, Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, chronicled the factors that lead to the cultural conditions that where manifested during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution. In each consideration there is an overlaying preconceived social-centric view that may be seen to create errors in their function and proposed outcomes. It is in these philosophical errors that the answer to the problem can be found. To explain how this works, the essay will re flect on the History, Social Conditions and Social Climate that created both the condition and solution within Britain. Body paragraph 1 History 384/400 (+16) Through a combination ofShow MoreRelatedIndustrial Revolution : A Time Of Social And Economic Change1169 Words   |  5 PagesThe Industrial Revolution was a time of social and economic change which emphasized the power of humanity over nature. It was also an era of change which consisted of inventions that were mass produced to make life easier between 1750 and 1914. Although the Industrial Revolution led to efficient transportation and made Great Britain the center of world commerce, only the upper class got to truly enjoy that. The Industrial Revolution had spread to all around the world so the impact was more brutalRead MoreAndrew Carnegie s Impact On The Industrial Revolution1703 Words   |  7 PagesIn the movie, The Richest Man in the World, Andrew Carnegie played a major role in influencing the Industrial Revolution, which changed the economy of the US and the world forever. This era brought upon significant changes through economic developments that would not only change t he ways of the economy but also the social aspect of society, especially within the cities where this growth was located. The shift from hand-made to machine-made products increased productivity and decreased costs. ThroughRead MoreSocoial Class Division During the Industrial Revolution1234 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Social Class Division during the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was a time throughout the 18th and 19th centuries in which primarily agriculture based societies in the countries of America and Europe began to implicate industrialized and urban practices. Many rituals that would usually be done at the home of landowners using animal or manpower, was now being moved into factories and being done with mechanically engineered machinery. While there were many radical social changesRead MoreModern Day Economic Conditions During The Industrial Revolution875 Words   |  4 Pagescompared to the economic conditions that the British had while they were industrializing, China most closely resembles Britain as it entered into the industrial revolution. Today, China is one of the fastest growing industrializing economies in the world (GDP growth rate ~8%) and can credit this to their shift from an agrarian economy to an industrial economy, their abundance of natural resources, cheap labor, and rapid urbanization. A common underpinning for industrialization in 18th century BritainRead MoreSocial Stratification And Gender Inequality Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pagesmultiple forms of social stratification whether it may be social class, caste, slavery, race or even gender. Social stratification places groups of people in a hierarchy depending on their social status which is respective to their economic income. This in turn determines their social position in society. With social stratification comes social mobility. These two terms are commonly found together when describing social stratification. Social mobility is simply â€Å"the change of social status within societyRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution : The World Into The Forward And Advanced World We Live1387 Words   |  6 PagesThe Industrial Revolution was vital in shaping the world into the forward and advanced world we live in now. The Industrial Revolution started in 18th century England, pushing England towards becoming one of the mo st industrialized nations in the world. This revolution opened up many opportunities for people in terms of work as well as the increase of product consumption, however, discrimination and oppression occurred, specifically of women. Throughout the world, especially in England, women wereRead MoreFounding Fathers of Sociology1417 Words   |  6 Pagesis the study of social behaviour. Our behaviour is patterned in certain ways and sociologists study these patterns and differences in a scientific manner. The study of modern sociology, the objective and systematic study of human behaviour and society, only began from the late 1700s onwards (Giddens, 1989, 1993, 1997, 2001). The origins of this science can be linked to the two great revolutions that occurred in Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth century Ââ€" The French Revolution of 1789 and theRead MoreUrban Migration During The Industrialization1708 Words   |  7 PagesIndustrialization was a period that brought about many cha nges. One of the changes that happened during this period was the change of working atmospheres from farms and homes to factories. Industrialization in both England and China had a massive impact on the working conditions in both countries. In England, the percentage of population living in urban areas saw an increase from 17% to 72% in during the Industrial Revolution (Watson). China’s urban population rose from 26% to 53% in 2012 which brings the totalRead MoreKarl Marx : An Influential Philosopher1615 Words   |  7 Pagestreated equally, thus, eliminating the possibility for inequality between the rich and the poor, or as Marx often referred to as the bourgeois and the proletariats. Unlike many philosophers, Marx believed that humans were perfectible but were, unfortunately, damaged by capitalism and other social institutions. As for his goals, Marx advocated for a communist society and believed that the only way to achieve his goal was through violent revolutions betwe en the bourgeois and the proletariat. AlthoughRead Morereserchpaper817 Words   |  4 Pages How did the United States become a mature industrial society in the decades after the civil war? Industrial economy By the 1913 the United States produced one third of the world’s industrial output. The 1880 census showed for the first time that a majority of the work force engaged in non-farming jobs. Worker’s freedom in an industrial age .for a minority of workers, the rapidly expanding industrial system created new forms of freedom. Between 1880 and 1900 an average of 35,000 workers perished

Ancient Indian and Chinese Philosophies Differences and...

Containing vast amounts of land and geographical terrains, Asia is known today to be the largest continent holding a significant part of the world’s population. Rewind to the beginning of civilization, Asia held an even more vital part in the world’s development. Along the Indus River of India and the Yellow River of China began two important civilizations from which came thriving societies as well as philosophies that still shape the world today. Looking at the writings of Bhagavad-Gita and Hsà ¼n Tzu, two writings from the ancient years of those civilizations, gives the people of today a glimpse of the lives, belief systems, and societal makeup each community held. With these writings in hand, the philosophies each society held seem†¦show more content†¦Fu Xi the inventor of writing, hunting, trapping and fishing, Shen Nung the inventor of agriculture and commerce, the Yellow Emperor who created government and Daoism, Yao who lead with modesty, respectab ility and virtue, Shun who did the same as Yao, and finally Yu who began the Xia Dynasty working for and saving his people during his reign all stand as players in this ancient â€Å"Golden Age†. In the text Hsà ¼n Tzu, Li or right ritual is completed to walk in the way or Dao toward tian or heaven. But this heaven is not like many other descriptions of heaven, it is the right order of things or how things should be. Tian is seen fully in the â€Å"Golden Age†; in the ancient days where all the good of society first began. Both focuses of the Indian and Chinese philosophies are crafted and are affected by the history in which they were developed. In ancient India after the decline of the great Harappan society, around 2000 BC, new people groups moved into North India and what was once the Harappan civilization. During this time of resettling and growth the Vedic Age began; from this Age came the belief central to the Indian philosophies. The focus, to arrive at the Brahman, developed in the Indus Valley during this time in conjunction with the caste system seen in India today. The caste system brought order and longevity to the Indus civilization. The society sought to move both individually and collectively forward; both to societal success andShow MoreRelatedReport on Importance of Communication in Tourism Industry3359 Words   |  14 Pagestravel abroad.  Tourism is the largest service - sector in India. Tourism contributes 6.23% to the national GDP Tourism generates 8.78% of the total employment in India .India is to be a Tourism hotspot from 2009 to 2011. (This data is available on Indian Tourism Website).  It has proved to be resilient in times of economic crisis and will continue to grow at a rapid pace of almost 4% a year in the 21st  century.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the WTO (World Tourism Organization) forecasts, more than 700 million peopleRead MoreIt Could Explain What Sumi E?2164 Words   |  9 Pagesthe life crea ted by means of the brush touch It strengthens life itself . In the tradition of ancient China, in fact, the harmony of an artistic product mirrors the universal harmony of the Tao (in Japanese Do), supreme and inscrutable principle that created the world and governs the secret rhythm of nature. 2) Can you tell us some of the highlights in the history of the Sumi-e? To introduce to Indian ink painting (sumi-e), it is necessary to mention briefly the importance of painting in China,Read MoreSociology and Other Sciences7090 Words   |  29 Pagesthe behavior of people, psychology deals with the behavior of people and their mental processes just like sociology which also seek to understand how peoples behavior affect society. Anthropology and sociology also deal with society but the only difference is that social anthropology mainly considers small states and their culture but their area of studies is basically the same. Sociology and political science are also related in the sense that they both concern the welfare of people in a societyRead MoreWorld History AP8768 Words   |  36 Pagesthey conquered. †¢ All empires sought to foster an imperial identity that transcended more local identities and loyalties. †¢ All empires ultimately collapsed. 2. In what ways did these empires differ from one another? What accounts for those differences? †¢ Some empires sought to rule through local elites; other empires sought to rule with a more centralized power structure. †¢ Some empires were new; others drew on older traditions. †¢ Some empires lasted for considerably longer periods than othersRead MoreEthnic Tourism Essence of India7906 Words   |  32 Pagesnature, the route always had an element of adventure and of the unexpected. The journey also brought the traveler face to face with the marvels provided by Mother Nature whether in the form of The Himalayas, the deep jungles or the deep blue of the Indian Ocean. This used to be an ideal tourist package - low in cost but high on experience and adventure-in effect, it gives shape to the tourist’s dream. Today there are many types of tourism in vogue. Some of the prominent tourist products are spiritualRead MoreWorld Religion5936 Words   |  24 Pagesin most religions? 4. Define what is meant by sacred in religion and give some examples of how sacred is understood? 5. Offer some examples of religious symbols and discuss their meaning. Group B 1. Discuss the goal of studying religion in the historical and comparative sense 2. Identify and describe the First Pattern of religion which deals with sacramental, prophetic, and mystical orientation. Explain how all three orientations might be found in the same religious tradition. 3. As described inRead MoreIndian Caste System5772 Words   |  24 PagesThe Indian caste system describes the system of social stratification and social restrictions in India in which social classes are defined by thousands of endogamous hereditary groups, often termed jÄ tis or castes. Within a jÄ ti, there exist exogamous groups known as gotras, the lineage or clan of an individual. In a handful of sub-castes such as Shakadvipi, endogamy within a gotra is permitted and alternative mechanisms of restricting endogamy are used (e.g. banning endogamy within a surname). TheRead MoreCan the Subaltern Speak9113 Words   |  37 Pageslimit the founding presuppositions of my desires, as far as they are within my grasp. This vulgar three-stroke formula, applied both to the most resolutely committed and to the most ironic discourse, keeps track of what Althusser so aptly named philosophies of denegation.2 I have invoked my positionality in this awkward way so as to accentuate the fact that calling the place of the investigator into question remains a meaningless piety in many recent critiques of the sovereign subject. Thus, althoughRead MoreThe Birth of Civilization18947 Words   |  76 PagesHOW DID control over water resources influence early Middle Eastern civilizations? ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN EMPIRES page 14 HOW DID conquest and trade shape early empires in the Near East? EARLY INDIAN CIVILIZATION page 16 WHAT INFLUENCES did the first Indus valley civilization have on later Indian religious and social practices? EARLY CHINESE CIVILIZATION page 23 WHY DID large territorial states arise in ancient China? THE RISE OF CIVILIZATION IN THE AMERICAS page 27 HOW DID agriculture influenceRead MoreNatural Law Theory Essay6453 Words   |  26 Pagestowards.† There are also the secondary precepts to take into account, which are the rules and regulations which help us achieve these aims. These are actually man made laws which are based on God’s principles. Natural law is a fusion of the secular philosophy of Aristotle (who claimed that everything had a purpose and therefore the fulfilment of these purposes was good, e.g. a good knife cuts well) and the religious tradition of the church by Aquinas. Natural law was to be a supplement of the laws given

Craig Ventors First Cell Free Essays

Cr Craig Ventor first first self-replicating, synthetic bacterial cell ROCKVILLE, MD and San Diego, CA (May 20, 2010)— Researchers at the J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI), a not-for-profit genomic research organization, published results today describing the successful construction of the first self-replicating, synthetic bacterial cell. The team synthesized the 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Craig Ventors First Cell or any similar topic only for you Order Now 08 million base pair chromosome of a modified Mycoplasma mycoides genome. The synthetic cell is called Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1. and is the proof of principle that genomes can be designed in the computer, chemically made in the laboratory and transplanted into a recipient cell to produce a new self-replicating cell controlled only by the synthetic genome. This research will be published by Daniel Gibson et al in the May 20th edition of Science Express and will appear in an upcoming print issue of Science. â€Å"For nearly 15 years Ham Smith, Clyde Hutchison and the rest of our team have been working toward this publication today–the successful completion of our work to construct a bacterial cell that is fully controlled by a synthetic genome,† said J. Craig Venter, Ph. D. , founder and president, JCVI and senior author on the paper. â€Å"We have been consumed by this research, but we have also been equally focused on addressing the societal implications of what we believe will be one of the most powerful technologies and industrial drivers for societal good. We look forward to continued review and dialogue about the important applications of this work to ensure that it is used for the benefit of all. † According to Dr. Smith, â€Å"With this first synthetic bacterial cell and the new tools and technologies we developed to successfully complete this project, we now have the means to dissect the genetic instruction set of a bacterial cell to see and understand how it really works. † To complete this final stage in the nearly 15 year process to construct and boot up a synthetic cell, JCVI scientists began with the accurate, digitized genome of the bacterium, M. mycoides. The team designed 1,078 specific cassettes of DNA that were 1,080 base pairs long. These cassettes were designed so that the ends of each DNA cassette overlapped each of its neighbors by 80bp. The cassettes were made according to JCVI’s specifications by the DNA synthesis company, Blue Heron Biotechnology. The JCVI team employed a three stage process using their previously described yeast assembly system to build the genome using the 1,078 cassettes. The first stage involved taking 10 cassettes of DNA at a time to build 110, 10,000 bp segments. In the second stage, these 10,000 bp segments are taken 10 at a time to produce eleven, 100,000 bp segments. In the final step, all 11, 100 kb segments were assembled into the complete synthetic genome in yeast cells and grown as a yeast artificial chromosome. The complete synthetic M. mycoides genome was isolated from the yeast cell and transplanted into Mycoplasma capricolum recipient cells that have had the genes for its restriction enzyme removed. The synthetic genome DNA was transcribed into messenger RNA, which in turn was translated into new proteins. The M. capricolum genome was either destroyed by M. mycoides restriction enzymes or was lost during cell replication. After two days viable M. mycoides cells, which contained only synthetic DNA, were clearly visible on petri dishes containing bacterial growth medium. The initial synthesis of the synthetic genome did not result in any viable cells so the JCVI team developed an error correction method to test that each cassette they constructed was biologically functional. They did this by using a combination of 100 kb natural and synthetic segments of DNA to produce semi-synthetic genomes. This approach allowed for the testing of each synthetic segment in combination with 10 natural segments for their capacity to be transplanted and form new cells. Ten out of 11 synthetic fragments resulted in viable cells; therefore the team narrowed the issue down to a single 100 kb cassette. DNA sequencing revealed that a single base pair deletion in an essential gene was responsible for the unsuccessful transplants. Once this one base pair error was corrected, the first viable synthetic cell was produced. Dr. Gibson stated, â€Å"To produce a synthetic cell, our group had to learn how to sequence, synthesize, and transplant genomes. Many hurdles had to be overcome, but we are now able to combine all of these steps to produce synthetic cells in the laboratory. † He added, â€Å"We can now begin working on our ultimate objective of synthesizing a minimal cell containing only the genes necessary to sustain life in its simplest form. This will help us better understand how cells work. † This publication represents the construction of the largest synthetic molecule of a defined structure; the genome is almost double the size of the previous Mycoplasma genitalium synthesis. With this successful proof of principle, the group will now work on creating a minimal genome, which has been a goal since 1995. They will do this by whittling away at the synthetic genome and repeating transplantation experiments until no more genes can be disrupted and the genome is as small as possible. This minimal cell will be a platform for analyzing the function of every essential gene in a cell. According to Dr. Hutchison, â€Å"To me the most remarkable thing about our synthetic cell is that its genome was designed in the computer and brought to life through chemical synthesis, without using any pieces of natural DNA. This involved developing many new and useful methods along the way. We have assembled an amazing group of scientists that have made this possible. † As in the team’s 2008 publication in which they described the successful synthesis of the M. genitalium genome, they designed and inserted into the genome what they called watermarks. These are specifically designed segments of DNA that use the â€Å"alphabet† of genes and proteins that enable the researcher to spell out words and phrases. The watermarks are an essential means to prove that the genome is synthetic and not native, and to identify the laboratory of origin. Encoded in the watermarks is a new DNA code for writing words, sentences and numbers. In addition to the new code there is a web address to send emails to if you can successfully decode the new code, the names of 46 authors and other key contributors and three quotations: â€Å"TO LIVE, TO ERR, TO FALL, TO TRIUMPH, TO RECREATE LIFE OUT OF LIFE. † – JAMES JOYCE; â€Å"SEE THINGS NOT AS THEY ARE, BUT AS THEY MIGHT BE. †-A quote from the book, â€Å"American Prometheus†; â€Å"WHAT I CANNOT BUILD, I CANNOT UNDERSTAND. † – RICHARD FEYNMAN. The JCVI scientists envision that the knowledge gained by constructing this first self-replicating synthetic cell, coupled with decreasing costs for DNA synthesis, will give rise to wider use of this powerful technology. This will undoubtedly lead to the development of many important applications and products including biofuels, vaccines, pharmaceuticals, clean water and food products. The group continues to drive and support ethical discussion and review to ensure a positive outcome for society. Funding for this research came from Synthetic Genomics Inc. , a company co-founded by Drs. Venter and Smith. Background The research published today was made possible by previous breakthroughs at JCVI. In 2007 the team published results from the transplantation of the native M. mycoides genome into the M. capricolum cell which resulted in the M. capricolum cell being transformed into M. mycoides. This work established the notion that DNA is the software of life and that DNA dictates the cell phenotype. In 2008 the same team reported on the construction of the first synthetic bacterial genome by assembling DNA fragments made from the four chemicals of life—ACGT. The final assembly of DNA fragments into the whole genome was performed in yeast by making use of the yeast genetic systems. However, when the team attempted to transplant the synthetic bacterial genome out of yeast and into a recipient bacterial cell, viable transplants could not be recovered. Ethical Considerations: Since the beginning of the quest to understand and build a synthetic genome, Dr. Venter and his team have been concerned with the societal issues surrounding the work. In 1995 while the team was doing the research on the minimal genome, the work underwent significant ethical review by a panel of experts at the University of Pennsylvania (Cho et al, Science December 1999:Vol. 286. no. 5447, pp. 2087 – 2090). The bioethical group’s independent deliberations, published at the same time as the scientific minimal genome research, resulted in a unanimous decision that there were no strong ethical reasons why the work should not continue as long as the scientists involved continued to engage public discussion. Dr. Venter and the team at JCVI continue to work with bioethicists, outside policy groups, legislative members and staff, and the public to encourage discussion and understanding about the societal implications of their work and the field of synthetic genomics generally. As such, the JCVI’s policy team, along with the Center for Strategic International Studies (CSIS), and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), were funded by a grant from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation for a 20-month study that explored the risks and benefits of this emerging technology, as well as possible safeguards to prevent abuse, including bioterrorism. After several workshops and public sessions the group published a report in October 2007 outlining options for the field and its researchers. Most recently in December of 2008, JCVI received funding from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation to examine ethical and societal concerns that are associated with the developing science of synthetic genomics. The ongoing research is intended to inform the scientific community as well as educate our policymakers and journalists so that they may engage in informed discussions on the topic. About the J. Craig Venter Institute The JCVI is a not-for-profit research institute in Rockville, MD and La Jolla, CA dedicated to the advancement of the science of genomics; the understanding of its implications for society; and communication of those results to the scientific community, the public, and policymakers. Founded by J. Craig Venter, Ph. D. , the JCVI is home to approximately 400 scientists and staff with expertise in human and evolutionary biology, genetics, ioinformatics/informatics, information technology, high-throughput DNA sequencing, genomic and environmental policy research, and public education in science and science policy. The legacy organizations of the JCVI are: The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR), The Center for the Advancement of Genomics (TCAG), the Institute for Biological Energy Alternatives (IBEA), the Joint Technology Center (JTC), and the J. Craig Venter Science Foundation. The JCVI is a 501 (c) (3) organization. For additional information, plea se visit http://www. JCVI. org. Media Contact: Heather Kowalski, 301-943-8879, hkowalski(AT)jcvi. org How to cite Craig Ventors First Cell, Essay examples

Value Based Leader free essay sample

Servant Leadership Value-Based Leadership: Challenges and Opportunity A Value Based Leader is someone that align an organization’s values, mission, and processes into one standard style of management. Although a Value-Based Leader has the mission of the organization in mind when developing a strategy plan he or she will still face challenges. There are six challenges in which today’s organizations face and they are Technology, Ethics, Globalization, Knowledge, Diversity and Change. I would like to focus on two challenges faced by leaders today which are Change and Technology. The core values of a leader within an organization often establish the pattern of the employees in which he or she will lead. Robert McDonald, COO of Proctor and Gamble, believes that it is important for a good Leaders to be a leader with purpose as well as character which could assist a leaders in dealing with today’s challenges. If a leader leads with a purpose for the organization, he or she will share a desire for a positive end result or set an attainable goal in which all involved will be determined to see the purpose fulfilled with maximum outcome. With Change so often an organization has to adjust to these changes in order to adapt to whatever changes that will affect the end results. Sometimes the change for an organization could be as major as a change in the economy or as simple as a change in a style trend. In a recent CNNMoney article fashion trend setter Abercrombie Fitch had a fall out due to declining sales. It was suggested that the companies challenges were due to macroeconomic conditions. Abercrombie clients are trendy teenagers and Twitter followers which snub the company due to a fall out of a popular teen idle which resulted in a drop in sales and a desire for the popular clothing line. It’s amazing that something as simple as a twit could affect the increase or decline in sales of a major organization. In this case, a Value-Based leader would have to adjust to this change by assessing the current strategy, vision and the mission of the organization to better understand and support the changing trend of the current market. It’s not always easy to continue to do business as usual when the market has shifted but the organization has failed to adjust to these changes. This will have negative fallout for any company not willing to adjust and adapt. In the case of Abercrombie Fitch, the role of a Servant Leader in this organization could be a benefit because the Servant leader would have the potential add value to this organization to ensure the success of the stakeholder by developing a new strategy plan. The twenty first century competency that would use in this situation would be a person with Cognitive skills and ability such as oral communication and to be able to solve the problems between Abercrombie and the needs of the changing market. Another challenge faced by today’s Value-Based Leadership is Technology. Technology could be defined in various ways within an organization to include Information Technology, cell phones, barcode scanners as well as DVD recorders. Technology within an organization has greatly improved the performance, productive and communication. Although technology has improved the way we do business it has not been without its challenges. Recently, several organizations have fallen victim to cyber-attacks by pranksters, criminal syndicates or foreign governmental agencies. Companies spend billions of dollars in security software in an attempt to secure their company’s information and the information of its customers. The growth or decline of an organization could increase or decrease if a company is exposed due to the lack of proper security policies. A Value-Based Leader would have to devise a stagey to review the company’s policies and procedures in order to prevent such things from happening. Although, security breaches are a growing trend within business it’s how the leadership of an organization handle these matters could define the direction in which the organization could take in the fall out. Most Competency Based leaders have an understanding of the mission of an organization and the things may lack can most often be taught or learned over the course of time. The focus is on the need of the organization based on goal set by management which could be totally focused on customer service or employee relations. In the newest challenges of an organization, the ability to adjust the changing demands and needs of an organization is a defining trait of a good Value Based leader. I strongly believe that leaders who are chosen for their competencies could also demonstrate servant leadership qualities if this attribute is cultivated as well as the individual have a heart to serve. Service is often a matter of the heart and a person would have to walk in humility in order to truly be able to demonstrate servant leadership qualities. So often in the corporate world, people are focused on the mission of the organization, output and quantity rather than quality. A servant leader focuses on the moral and well-being of their employees which can contribute to increase productivity, quality customer service and increase profits for an organization. A Competency-Based leader could be taught good interpersonal skills in order to learn to deal with the growing diversity of a workplace. This will help them to learn the qualities of service by learning to deal with different personality, attitudes and cultures. I believe Servant Leadership is something that has the possibility to be taught to people with other leadership styles if they are truly open to learn how to serve. References Catherine Tymkiw (2012). Abercrombie Fitch falls out of fashion, CNNMONEY Retrieved from www. cnn. com/ money Nicole Perlroth and Evenly Ruslie (2012) Security Start-Ups Catch Fancy of Investors (P. A. ) Retrieved from www. newyorktimes. com